Escape Clauses and Legal Certainty in Private International Law

Author(s):  
Ernest Gramatskiy

Nowadays the processes of democratization, liberalization, integration of Ukraine into European and world space take place. Theundisputed significance for these processes is the signing of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union. Thus, the rapprochement of Ukraine with the European community, which has taken place in recent years, affects the sphere of private law relations,which are complicated by a foreign element – the legal relations that make up the subject matter of international private law.Having analyzed current doctrine of international private law, the author can conclude that nowadays researchers are paying moreattention to a deep understanding and study of the general provisions of this branch of law rather than to analysis of individual sub-sectorsand institutes of private international law.Nowadays recodification of civil legislation is taking place in Ukraine. The main reason for the recodification of civil legislationis to increase legal certainty as a component of the rule of law. Legal certainty demonstrates an ability of legislation to satisfy the needsof the subjects of law in the respective benefits.At the same time some specific issues related to the recodification of civil legislation and its link with private international lawhave not been the subject to scientific research. In our opinion, these issues deserve special attention, as they make it possible to analyzenot only the current state of private international relations, but also to forecast the prospects and changes in the field of private international law. One aspect that is worth to be discussed is the consolidation of the private international law system of principles.The analysis of scientific points of private international law doctrine representatives gives grounds to conclude that there is currentlyno universal approach to understanding the system of principles of private international law. Neither private international lawlegislation, nor scientific approaches give clear vision of the system of principles of private international law.It is crucial to stress that recodification of civil legislation in Ukraine has its direct impact on private international law systemand its mechanism of legal regulations.


Author(s):  
Marta Requejo Isidro

There is a key value embedded in the EU regime: legal certainty, as explained by Marta Requejo Isidro in this final chapter of Part I. Requejo Isidro examines the impoverishment that Brexit represents in the specific context of private international law and transnational litigation, in both commercial and family law, as this exit means a significant loss in terms of legal certainty for all parties involved. Admittedly, the hurdles of uncertainty regarding jurisdiction, or the disadvantages of losing a swift system for passporting UK judgments into Europe will not affect all stakeholders equally: some groups of the population, such as consumers, employees, small businesses, children or maintenance creditors, are likely to endure worse experiences than major litigants in complex corporate litigation. This chapter analyses the complexities of Brexit in this field as well as the contributions of English and Scottish legal systems to the development of EU private international law from a continental European perspective. It concludes that Brexit means overall impoverishment. EU law is as it is – not civil law, not common law, not even mixed, but European – thanks to many influences, including the very important British common law perspective.


2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-89
Author(s):  
Mădălina Cocoșatu ◽  
◽  
Claudia Elena Marinică ◽  

The increase of international and European Union migration has led to increasing attention to the impact of Member States' legislation on the recognition, legal certainty and standardization of procedures for the movement of official documents, as part of the free movement of persons within the European Union. This article responds to European Union's needs by examining the extent to which the various regulations, in particular regulations having direct and immediate application, being long and complex and comprehensively governing some cross-border procedures that underline the recognition of official documents within the European Union. It is a fact that the Union facilitates and accelerates the cross-border application of aspects of the free movement of persons in private international law, encourages the simplification of the requirements for the presentation of certain official documents in EU, while strengthening the security of Union citizens' identity cards and residence documents etc. By using the historical and comparative method, the conclusions drawn from this analysis refer to the need to apply these legislative rules established due to the necessity to ensure legal certainty and predictability at Union level, but also offering to European citizens an attractive option compared to the classic variants of international law, the latter providing at times a more convincing and comprehensive legal certainty.


Author(s):  
Татьяна Лазарева ◽  
Tatyana Lazaryeva

The article deals with the conflict of laws regulation of compensation for damage caused by a product (works or services) in private international law legislation of different countries. The specificities of legal regulation of such relations are determined by the necessity of supporting the balance of parties’ interests, protection of persons and legal bodies (“weaker party”), damaged by the defects of products (works or services), and stimulation of quality workmanship of producers and sellers of products, works and services. Formulation of special conflict-of-law norms in modern codifying acts in this area of regulation is explained by the specifics of such relations, which are become more multivarious, requiring the differentiated approach. The place of producing the product (execution of work, provision of services) in such relations can be not coincide with the place of ensuing of harmful consequences, caused by a product of defective quality. It is noted that the effect of the basic principle (lex loci delicti) for non-contractual obligations in the field of products liability (works, services) is limited by the establishment of special forms of attachment and escape clauses. On the basis of comparison of the legislation of certain countries, as well as Article 5 “Product liability” of the Regulation (EC) No. 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II) tendencies of conflicts regulation in this area are identified, based on the “cascade” system of norms which allows to take into account various cases of causing of harm. It was concluded that, despite some differences, generally there is a trend towards harmonization of regulation of the relations concerned in the legislation of various countries.


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