singularly perturbed
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Symmetry ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Gerardo Ayala-Jaimes ◽  
Gilberto Gonzalez-Avalos ◽  
Noe Barrera Gallegos ◽  
Aaron Padilla Garcia ◽  
Juancarlos Mendez-B

One of the most important features in the analysis of the singular perturbation methods is the reduction of models. Likewise, the bond graph methodology in dynamic system modeling has been widely used. In this paper, the bond graph modeling of nonlinear systems with singular perturbations is presented. The class of nonlinear systems is the product of state variables on three time scales (fast, medium, and slow). Through this paper, the symmetry of mathematical modeling and graphical modeling can be established. A main characteristic of the bond graph is the application of causality to its elements. When an integral causality is assigned to the storage elements that determine the state variables, the dynamic model is obtained. If the storage elements of the fast dynamics have a derivative causality and the storage elements of the medium and slow dynamics an integral causality is assigned, a reduced model is obtained, which consists of a dynamic model for the medium and slow time scales and a stationary model of the fast time scale. By applying derivative causality to the storage elements of the fast and medium dynamics and an integral causality to the storage elements of the slow dynamics, the quasi-steady-state model for the slow dynamics is obtained and stationary models for the fast and medium dynamics are defined. The exact and reduced models of singularly perturbed systems can be interpreted as another symmetry in the development of this paper. Finally, the proposed methodology was applied to a system with three time scales in a bond graph approach, and simulation results are shown in order to indicate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.


2022 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Musa Cakir ◽  
Baransel Gunes

Abstract In this study, singularly perturbed mixed integro-differential equations (SPMIDEs) are taken into account. First, the asymptotic behavior of the solution is investigated. Then, by using interpolating quadrature rules and an exponential basis function, the finite difference scheme is constructed on a uniform mesh. The stability and convergence of the proposed scheme are analyzed in the discrete maximum norm. Some numerical examples are solved, and numerical outcomes are obtained.


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