A 58 year old man was brought to hospital in state of deep coma following severe headache for one day. His GCS was 3/15 and had flaccid all 4 limbs with equivocal planter response on both sides on arrival. NECT head showed acute subdural haemorrhage with surrounding cerebral oedema, mid-line shift and corning of brain stem. After giving mannitol and dexamethasone, four hours later, he became fully conscious and orientated; his motor power returned to normal. He was on warfarin 3mg daily for rheumatic mitral valvular heart disease with atrial fibrillation and his INR on arrival was 3.5. He had intractable hiccups once he regained consciousness. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures were tried for distressing hiccups; there was no therapeutic success. His hiccups disappeared completely only after removing the haematoma by burr hole surgery.
Extra-axial haemorrhage following epidural anaesthesia is extremely rare. We present the case of an 18-year-old G1P0 woman with Alport syndrome who had a ventouse delivery for failure to progress that was complicated by a postpartum tonic–clonic seizure. Clinically, and confirmed radiologically, the patient was found to have experienced an extra-axial haemorrhage (extradural and subdural haemorrhage) secondary to a cerebrospinal fluid leak caused by a dural puncture during epidural anaesthesia. Differentiating between postdural puncture headache, subdural haemorrhage and extradural haemorrhage can be extremely challenging, but it is important to consider these rare conditions when evaluating patients presenting with postpartum headache and seizure.
Abstract
Background
Adverse drug events, including adverse drug reactions (ADRs), are responsible for approximately 5% of unplanned hospital admissions: a major health concern. Women are 1.5–1.7 times more likely to develop ADRs. The main objective was to identify sex differences in the types and number of ADRs leading to hospital admission.
Methods
ADR-related hospital admissions between 2005 and 2017 were identified from the PHARMO Database Network using hospital discharge diagnoses. Patients aged ≥ 16 years with a drug possibly responsible for the ADR and dispensed within 3 months before admission were included. Age-adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% CIs for drug-ADR combinations for women versus men were calculated.
Results
A total of 18,469 ADR-related hospital admissions involving women (0.35% of all women admitted) and 14,678 admissions involving men (0.35% of all men admitted) were included. Most substantial differences were seen in ADRs due to anticoagulants and diuretics. Anticoagulants showed a lower risk of admission with persistent haematuria (ORadj 0.31; 95%CI 0.21, 0.45) haemoptysis (ORadj 0.47, 95%CI 0.30,0.74) and subdural haemorrhage (ORadj 0.61; 95%CI 0.42,0.88) in women than in men and a higher risk of rectal bleeding in women (ORadj 1.48; 95%CI 1.04,2.11). Also, there was a higher risk of admission in women using thiazide diuretics causing hypokalaemia (ORadj 3.03; 95%CI 1.58, 5.79) and hyponatraemia (ORadj 3.33, 95%CI 2.31, 4.81) than in men.
Conclusions
There are sex-related differences in the risk of hospital admission in specific drug-ADR combinations. The most substantial differences were due to anticoagulants and diuretics.
Intractable/ Persistent Hiccups Due to Acute Subdural Haemorrhage as a Result of Prolonged Inr in a 55 Year Old Man with Rheumatic Mitral Valvular Heart Disease and Atrial Fibrillation: A Case Report
