Usage of Mushrooms in Culinary and Medicinal Purposes

The present article reviews the history of mushroom uses in culinary, food and medicinal values; current status and future aspect of mushroom research. Mushrooms contain biologically active polysaccharides, lipid and proteins in fruit bodies, each of them has a distinct role in health as either nutritional value or medicinal elements. Immunostimulating polysaccharides found in mushrooms, are most important for modern medicine. Several of the mushroom biomolecules have undergone phase I, II, and III clinical trials and are used extensively and successfully throughout the world for the treatment of various cancers and other diseases. Medicinal functions played by the mushrooms include antitumor, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, detoxification, cardiovascular, antihypercholesterolemia, antiviral, antifungal, hepatoprotective, immunomodulating and free radical scavenging. The present review draws attention to nutritional and medicinal importance of mushroom as well as the problems and opportunity in the future development of mushroom research.

Changes in the Serum Levels of Estradiol and Changes in Expression of Estrogen Receptor Alpha in the Bone Tissue of Ovariectomized Wistar Rats

Estradiol is an estrogen steroid hormone and is produced basically within the follicles of the ovaries. The decrease in serum estrogens concentration at menopause disrupts the metabolic balance, changes the lipid profile leading to visceral obesity, which caused an increase in serum estradiol levels, through aromatase activity. Estrogen deficiency also is a reason for the development of osteoporosis.We investigated the serum estradiol levels and changes in bone alpha estrogen receptor expression in ovariectomized rats. For this purpose, we used 20 female Wistar rats at reproductive age - 2 months divided into 2 groups: group 1 (G1)-10 animals were ovariectomized and group 2 (G2)-10 of which were sham-operated. All animals of G1 showed weight gain compared to group G2. The results showed that the values of serum 17β-estradiol in rats of G1 statistically increased compared to G2 (p <0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed no difference in estrogen receptor expression between the both groups. Histomorphological analysis of femur from G1 showed the presence of pronounced osteoporosis. Ovariectomy led to the development of obesity, which caused an increase in serum estradiol levels, through aromatase activity, but this process did not prevent bone tissue from developing osteoporosis.

Full Validation of A New Formula Estimating The Smoking Economic Burden By Morbidity

Introduction: In the Health Economy research context usually researches are assuming that the probability of the morbidity attributable to smoking is equal to the probability of the health spend attributable to smoking. Also is attributed the whole health spend because of active smokers to smoking. To solve this limitation, the authors suggested a new rate to measure the smoking economic burden by morbidity. Objective: To evaluate the feasibility from a new rate to measure the smoking economic burden by morbidity. Methods: Was made a bibliographic research to describe the estimation process from the smoking economic burden by morbidity. Were utilized as theoretical method the analysis and synthesis, the comparative and the systematization. As empiric methods were used the Principle of Multiplication and the bibliographic research. Results: The rate designed solves the limitation identified during the research about the estimation of the smoking economic burden by morbidity. Conclusion: The new rate will provide a better estimation from the smoking economic burden by morbidity. It application will may identify the role of active smokers and passive smokers in the formation of the smoking economic burden. However, it application must be agree to the supposes identified.

Herbal Medicine for the Treatmentof Viral Infections: A Systemic Review

The term “Antiviral agents” has been defined in very wide terms as substances other than a virus or virus containing vaccine or specific antibody which can build either a protective or therapeutic effect to the direct measurable advantage of the virus infected host. Viruses are simple in form which are very tiny germs. They comprise of genetic material inside of a protein coating. Viruses cause amicable infectious diseases like common cold, flu and warts. They also cause severe diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola, avian influenzas, dengue virus and COVID-19. Viral diseases are very complex and are easily spread. Herbs and herbal medicines were the foremost in treating infections from centuries over the world in every civilization. Modern science has narrowed the importance of herbal medicine in the past two centuries. But, the side effects and new varieties of diseases creating challenges to modern science. So, usage of herbal medicines is again attaining interests these days. Herbal products for different treatments have achieved a lot of popularity in the last couple of decades. Thus, discovering novel antiviral drugs is of extremely important and natural products are an excellent source for such discoveries. There are many herbs which are excellent sources for the antiviral properties to treat viral infections. This review provides the verified data on the herbal substances with antiviral activity, and some of the herbal marketed antiviral agents like CORONIL TABLETS from Patanjali and different companies had made an attempt to treat viral infections in this pandemic situation. Therefore, herbal plants proved to be a major resort for the treatment of diseases and sickness by traditional healers in many societies.

Intractable/ Persistent Hiccups Due to Acute Subdural Haemorrhage as a Result of Prolonged Inr in a 55 Year Old Man with Rheumatic Mitral Valvular Heart Disease and Atrial Fibrillation: A Case Report

A 58 year old man was brought to hospital in state of deep coma following severe headache for one day. His GCS was 3/15 and had flaccid all 4 limbs with equivocal planter response on both sides on arrival. NECT head showed acute subdural haemorrhage with surrounding cerebral oedema, mid-line shift and corning of brain stem. After giving mannitol and dexamethasone, four hours later, he became fully conscious and orientated; his motor power returned to normal. He was on warfarin 3mg daily for rheumatic mitral valvular heart disease with atrial fibrillation and his INR on arrival was 3.5. He had intractable hiccups once he regained consciousness. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures were tried for distressing hiccups; there was no therapeutic success. His hiccups disappeared completely only after removing the haematoma by burr hole surgery.

Reprint: Peculiarities of expression of apoptosis markers in the tissues of primary fallopian tubes carcinoma

Aim: immunohistochemical analysis of apoptosis markers in the tissue of PFTC. Introduction: Primary fallopian tubes carcinoma is a rare case among oncological diseases of female genital organs, but the mortality rate is rather high. Nowadays, the prognostic factors of this neoplasia are not fully determined. The data on the p53 and bcl2 proteins expression and their use as prognostic factors in patients with malignant tumors of many locations are contradictory. Methods: the study was conducted on 66 samples of fallopian tubes tumor tissue. To study the apoptosis peculiarities of tumor cells the mouse monoclonal antibodies for bcl-2 (clone 100/D5) and p53 (clone SP5) were used. Mathematic calculations were done using Microsoft Excel 2010 with AtteStat 12.0.5. Results: The high expression of p53 was found in patients of all clinical stages. Mutations of p53 increased with spreading of the neoplastic process. Strong correlation of p53 presence in tumor samples and clinical stage of the disease was determined (r=0.77). In contrast to the abovementioned protein the study of bcl-2 showed the moderate negative correlation between this protein and the stage of the disease (r=−0.54). Analysis of the dependence of p53 expression with the presence or absence of lymph nodes metastasis showed a direct correlation between the indicators (r=0.25). Thus the level of p53 expression in patients with N1 was 80.6±2.7% compared with the N0 group (29.7±3.6%). The stage of neoplasia differentiation is in moderate direct correlation with p53 expression (r=0.58) and in inverse with – bcl-2 (r=−0.64). Conclusion: Expression of p53 depends on neoplasia spreading and stage of tumor differentiation. The expression of p53 is an independent prognostic marker for N-status and helps to classify the patients into “risk” groups.

Re-Print: An Interesting Case of Disseminated Tuberculoma of Brain and Spinal Cord Type of Study: Case Report

Tuberculosis is an important public problem worldwide from 19th century. Manifestations of tuberculosis widely classified as pulmonary and extra pulmonary manifestations. Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis is a serious condition where patients most often present with seizure. Tuberculoma is one of the CNS manifestations of tuberculosis. The imaging feature of tuberculoma is ring enhancing lesions. Tuberculoma should be differentiated from other diseases with ring enhancing lesions like neurocysticercosis, coccidiomycosis, toxoplasmosis and malignancies.

Diabetes Ameliorating Effect of Mushrooms

The growing impact of type 2 diabetes in the majority of the population requires the introduction of better and more secure treatments, but also requires the development of new prevention strategies to reduce the incidence and prevalence of the disease. Significantly, type 2 diabetes is an important preventable disease and can be prevented or delayed by lifestyle intervention. Edible and medicinal macrofungi, mushrooms have been reported having diabetes ameliorating effects. Current study reviews the potentiality of both edible and medicinal mushrooms in preventing and ameliorating the diabetic complications as well as the future aspects of mushrooms against this metabolic disorder.

Why do Patients with Acute Pneumonia Receive Intravenous Infusions?

Currently, almost all urgently hospitalized patients immediately get access to the venous bed and begin to receive an infusion of solutions. This priority of this procedure is due not only to the need to have the most effective way of administering medications, but also to compensate for the loss of fluid, which in acute diseases has many reasons for this. Further recommendations for the correction of water-electrolyte and volume losses and the choice of the infusion rate are determined by the general criteria for their diagnosis in accordance with the parameters of the large circle of blood circulation. Considering AP, first of all, as a result of infection and not focusing on the localization of the process, modern medicine does not make exceptions in this therapeutic direction for patients with inflammation of the lung tissue.

What We Need to Do to Improve Our Immune System Despite the Use of Vaccination for COVID-19?

In our daily practice, we have heard more and more frequent reports of people infected with SARS-CoV-2, even having received one or two doses of vaccine for COVID-19. In the article written by Angel et al. (2021) entitled Association Between Vaccination with BNT162b2 and Incidence of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among Health Care Workers, the authors concluded that the effectiveness of the vaccine in symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection reduced the incidence of this infection if you compared with unvaccinated health care worker. But the incidence was not reduced in the asymptomatic health care workers, where they found that vaccinated people were more likely to have SARS-CoV-2 if compared to unvaccinated people.