Examination and Reconstruction of Evidence Loss System from the Perspective of Comparative Methods

The purpose of the system of evidence disqualification is to limit parties’ abuse of litigation rights and avoid litigation delays. However, China’s discretionary evidence disqualification legislation violates the essence of evidence disqualification and encourages the emergence of transactional litigation, making evidence disqualification in our country a minor issue. We must evaluate the substance of the evidence disqualification system and create evidence disqualification norms in other jurisdictions based on our national conditions in order to manage litigation procrastination and apply the concept of equality of parties. Remove the flaw while keeping the essence. Creation of the pre-trial procedure and application of the interpretation right should be the cornerstone to the system’s construction, according to research. At the same time, based on Chinas’ national conditions, taking the loss of probative power as the consequence of overdue instead of fines and other substantive measures, we should be able to achieve the purpose of reshaping the system of evidence disqualification.

Calculating Cost Distributions of a Multiservice Loss System

Congestion pricing has received lots of attention in the scientific discussion. Congestion pricing means that the operator increases prices at the time of congestion and the traffic demand is expected to decrease. In a certain sense, shadow prices are an optimal way of congestion pricing: users are charged shadow prices, i.e., the expectations of future losses because of blocked connections. The shadow prices can be calculated exactly from Howard’s equation, but this method is difficult. The paper presents simple approximations to the solution of Howard’s equation and a way to derive more exact approximations. If users do not react by lowering their demand, they will receive higher bills to pay. Many users do not react to increased prices but would want to know how the congestion pricing mechanism affects the bills. The distribution of the price of a connection follows from knowing the shadow prices and the probability of a congestion state. There is another interesting distribution. The network produces profit to the operator, or equivalently, blocked connections produce a cost to the operator. The average cost rate can be calculated from Howard’s equation, but the costs have some distribution. The distribution gives the risk that the actual costs exceed the average costs, and the operator should include this risk to the prices. The main result of this paper shows how to calculate the distribution of the costs in the future for congestion pricing by shadow prices and for congestion pricing with a more simple pricing scheme that produces the same average costs.

Probabilistic Retry and Threshold Multirate Loss Models for Impatient Calls

In this paper, a link of fixed capacity is considered that services calls from different service-classes. Calls arrive in the link according to a Poisson process, have an initial (peak) bandwidth requirement while their service time is exponentially distributed. We model this system as a multirate loss system and analyze two different multirate loss models. In the first model, named probabilistic retry loss model, if there is no available link bandwidth, a new call is blocked but retries with a lower bandwidth requirement and increased service time. To allow for the fact that a blocked call may be impatient, we assume that it retries with a probability. In the second model, named probabilistic threshold loss model, a call may reduce its bandwidth requirement (before blocking occurs) based on the occupied link bandwidth. To determine call blocking probabilities in both multirate loss models, we show that approximate but recursive formulas do exist that provide quite satisfactory results compared to simulation.

THREATENED MISCARRIAGE AND PREGNANCY LOSS: CONTEMPORARY ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM

The aim is to examine the state of a miscarriage of pregnancy problem and approaches to its solution based on current Ukrainian and international experience; to investigate a relevant set of terms and their interpretations that are tangible to the above-mentioned problem. Materials and methods: modern information sources available for miscarriage and pregnancy loss. System analysis, bibliographic, bibliosemantic, comparative-and-analytical methods were used. Conclusions: A relevant set of terms and their interpretations tangential to the identified problem (n=13) have been researched. It was found that the achievement of rational pharmacotherapy in patients with the threat of miscarriage is complicated mainly by the presence of 4 factors: extragenital pathology, burdened obstetric-gynecological anamnesis, lack of adequate drugs and possibilities of their prescription, especially in the 1st half of pregnancy. Disregarding these factors when prescribing medicines increases the risk of drug-related problems occurrence, prolongation of hospitalization and the adverse outcome of treatment (miscarriage). The results of the analysis of available information flow have shown the existence of terminological ambiguity related to the threat of miscarriage, in particular, there are often the following terms: spontaneous abortion, threatened abortion etc. instead of miscarriage, the threatened miscarriage which are recommended by international experts both in native Ukrainian and foreign researches. Unintended use of inadequate terms, in particular, «pregnancy failure» may form negative influence on women, cause the exaggeration of their condition, induce the feeling of despair, guilt, uncertainty associated with loss of the pregnancy.

An Application Using Stochastic Approximation Method for Improvement Specific Loss System

In this paper, an application using the modified stochastic approxi-mation procedure which studied to answer the question for Robbins-Monroe procedure. The modified procedure depends on a new form. We use the case of loss system obey Negative Binomial distribution. The efficiency of the proposed procedure is calculated to determine the ways to improve the mentioned loss system, the results which are obtained show that our procedure can serve as a model of stochastic approximation with delayed observations. This new topic can be applied in many fields such as the biological, medical, life time experiments, and some industrial projects, to increase the production, where in our system we depend on, observe a lot items and this items are realized after random time delays. In this paper we referred to the conditions which improve the proposed loss system.

On Truncation of the Matrix-Geometric Stationary Distributions

In this paper, we study queueing systems with an infinite and finite number of waiting places that can be modeled by a Quasi-Birth-and-Death process. We derive the conditions under which the stationary distribution for a loss system is a truncation of the stationary distribution of the Quasi-Birth-and-Death process and obtain the stationary distributions of both processes. We apply the obtained results to the analysis of a semi-open network in which a customer from an external queue replaces a customer leaving the system at the node from which the latter departed.