scholarly journals Calculating Cost Distributions of a Multiservice Loss System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorma Jormakka ◽  
Sourangshu Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Average Cost ◽  
Congestion Pricing ◽  
Shadow Prices ◽  
Loss System ◽  
Traffic Demand ◽  
Cost Rate ◽  
Know How ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
Pricing Scheme ◽  
Average Cost Rate

Congestion pricing has received lots of attention in the scientific discussion. Congestion pricing means that the operator increases prices at the time of congestion and the traffic demand is expected to decrease. In a certain sense, shadow prices are an optimal way of congestion pricing: users are charged shadow prices, i.e., the expectations of future losses because of blocked connections. The shadow prices can be calculated exactly from Howard’s equation, but this method is difficult. The paper presents simple approximations to the solution of Howard’s equation and a way to derive more exact approximations. If users do not react by lowering their demand, they will receive higher bills to pay. Many users do not react to increased prices but would want to know how the congestion pricing mechanism affects the bills. The distribution of the price of a connection follows from knowing the shadow prices and the probability of a congestion state. There is another interesting distribution. The network produces profit to the operator, or equivalently, blocked connections produce a cost to the operator. The average cost rate can be calculated from Howard’s equation, but the costs have some distribution. The distribution gives the risk that the actual costs exceed the average costs, and the operator should include this risk to the prices. The main result of this paper shows how to calculate the distribution of the costs in the future for congestion pricing by shadow prices and for congestion pricing with a more simple pricing scheme that produces the same average costs.

Sequential imperfect preventive maintenance policy with random maintenance quality under reliability limit

2011 ◽  
Vol 225 (8) ◽  
pp. 1926-1935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Wang ◽  
J Yang ◽  
G Wang ◽  
G Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Failure Rate ◽  
Preventive Maintenance ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
Maintenance Policy ◽  
Cost Rate ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Optimal Maintenance ◽  
Average Cost Rate ◽  
Optimal Maintenance Policy

To determine the optimal maintenance number for a system with random maintenance quality in infinite time horizon, a sequential imperfect preventive maintenance model considering reliability limit is proposed. The proposed model is derived from the combination of the Kijima type virtual age model and the failure rate adjustment model. Maintenance intervals of the proposed model are obtained through an iteration method when both failure rate increase factor and maintenance restoration factor are random variables with a uniform distribution. The optimal maintenance policy is presented by minimizing the long-run average cost rate. A real numerical example for the failures of numerical control equipment is given to demonstrate the proposed model. Finally, a discussion is presented to show how the optimal average cost rate depends on the different cost parameters. The results show that in order to satisfy the practical requirements of high reliability, it is necessary and worthwhile to consider the system's reliability limit in preventive maintenance practice.

scholarly journals Determining Optimal Replacement Policy with an Availability Constraint via Genetic Algorithms

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengliang Zong ◽  
Guorong Chai ◽  
Yana Su
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Replacement Policy ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Cost Rate ◽  
Optimal Replacement ◽  
Optimal Replacement Policy ◽  
Average Cost Rate

We develop a model and a genetic algorithm for determining an optimal replacement policy for power equipment subject to Poisson shocks. If the time interval of two consecutive shocks is less than a threshold value, the failed equipment can be repaired. We assume that the operating time after repair is stochastically nonincreasing and the repair time is exponentially distributed with a geometric increasing mean. Our objective is to minimize the expected average cost under an availability requirement. Based on this average cost function, we propose the genetic algorithm to locate the optimal replacement policyNto minimize the average cost rate. The results show that the GA is effective and efficient in finding the optimal solutions. The availability of equipment has significance effect on the optimal replacement policy. Many practical systems fit the model developed in this paper.

scholarly journals A study on an optimal replacement policy for a degenerative system under partial product process

10.26524/cm66 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Govindaraju P ◽  
Ashok Kumar P
Keyword(s):  
Average Cost ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Replacement Policy ◽  
Partial Product ◽  
Cost Rate ◽  
Optimal Replacement ◽  
Optimal Replacement Policy ◽  
Monotone Process ◽  
Average Cost Rate

In this paper, we study a degenerative reparable system with two types of failure states.Any system after repair can not be as good as new. A general monotone process model for adegenerative system under partial product process is used. We use a replacement policy N based on the failure number of the system and to determine an optimal replacement policy N* such that the average cost rate is minimized.

Availability and cost assessment of systems with dormant failure undergoing sequential inspections

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Himani Pant ◽  
S.B. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Average Cost ◽  
Inspection Time ◽  
Failed State ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cost Rate ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Inspection Policy ◽  
Average Cost Rate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Random Times

PurposeThe system encountering dormant failure subject to sequential inspections is modeled and the emphasis is made on determining the availability and long-run average cost rate for the model. The derived results are then utilized to obtain the optimal inspection period minimizing the cost.Design/methodology/approachExplicitly, a system with a functional and a failed state is taken into account. Inspections are performed to reveal the dormant failures and are assumed to be carried out at time T, T + aT, T + aT+a2 T, … where 0 < a = 1 in each cycle. Perfect repairs taking random times are performed if the system is found in a failed state during any inspection.FindingsSome theorems on the point availability, limiting availability and long-run average cost rate are obtained in the study. An illustration is shown to explain the results obtained in the proposed work. The effect of inspection time on the availability and cost rate is also analyzed graphically.Originality/valueThe availability and cost rate for a system with dormant failure under a sequential inspection policy are figured out unlike previous research.

scholarly journals Cost of Illness Analysis and Quality of Life in Ischemic Stroke Patients In Usu Medan Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Darma Ericson Saragih ◽  
Azizah Nasution ◽  
Khairunnisa K
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Cost Rate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Average Cost Rate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Total Average Cost

Objective: aims to evaluate the COI INA-CBG BPJS patients hospitalized for ischemic stroke BPJS (n = 33) at USU Medan Hospital in February 2019-August 2019 period. Design: this study was conducted used a prospective cohort study method in patients with ischemic stroke (n = 33) in USU Hospital. Interventions: the intervened  variable were the cost of patient therapy and calculating the difference in claims of INA-CBGs with the cost of patient therapy. Main outcome measures: the main measurement in this study was quality of life with European Quality of Life - 5 Dimensions Three Level (EQ5D3L). Results:  the results of this study indicate the total average cost of ischemic stroke inpatient therapy at the In patient Installation of USU Hospital in Medan obtained Rp 2,284,854 The average cost / rate incurred by the Hospital for ischemic stroke patients (n = 33) is still below the INA-CBGs claim rate. There was a relationship between the quality of life of ischemic stroke patients with diagnosis and comorbidities of patients (p = 0.004). The average quality of life (QoL) of ischemic stroke patients was obtained 0.7324 ± 0.2118. Conclusion: it could be concluded that the quality of life of ischemic stroke patients is classified as good 32 patients (96.96%).    

Collaborative Optimization of Replacement and Spare Ordering of a Deteriorating System with Two Failure Types

2012 ◽  
Vol 220-223 ◽  
pp. 210-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Qing Cheng ◽  
Ling Li
Keyword(s):  
Average Cost ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Collaborative Optimization ◽  
Replacement Policy ◽  
Cost Rate ◽  
Ordering Policy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Average Cost Rate ◽  
Optimal Ordering

This paper proposes a model to find optimal ordering and replacement policies for a deteriorating system. Assume that the life time of system has a normal distribution, and it has two failures types, typeⅠfailure is repairable, whereas typeⅡfailure is catastrophic which leads to replacement. A replacement policy N is adopted by which the system will be replaced by an identical new one if available at the time following the Nth typeⅠfailure or the 1st typeⅡfailure whichever occurs first. Furthermore, it considers an ordering policy M in which a spare unit is ordered at the time of the Mth typeⅠfailure or 1st typeⅡfailure, whichever occurs first. The objective is to derive the long-run average cost rate and then find the optimal policy (N,M) such that the average cost rate is minimized. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the proposed model.

scholarly journals The Effect of Congestion Pricing Scheme on the Generalized Cost and Speed of a Motorcycle

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-106
Author(s):  
Gito SUGIYANTO
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Congestion Pricing ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Traffic Jams ◽  
Pricing Scheme ◽  
Free Flow Speed ◽  
Generalized Cost

Traffic congestion is one of the significant transport problems in many cities in developing countries. Increased economic growth and motorization have created more traffic congestion. The application of transportation demand management like congestion pricing can reduce congestion, pollution and increase road safety. The aim of this research is to estimate the congestion pricing of motorcycles and the effect of a congestion pricing scheme on the generalized cost and speed of a motorcycle. The amount of congestion pricing is the difference between actual generalized cost in traffic jams and in free-flow speed conditions. The analysis approach using 3 components of generalized costs of motorcycle: vehicle operating, travel time and externality cost (pollution cost). The approach to analyze the pollution cost is marginal-health cost and fuel consumption in traffic jams and free-flow speed conditions. The value of time based on Gross Regional Domestic Product per capita in Yogyakarta City in October 2012. The simulation to estimate the effect of congestion pricing using Equilibre Multimodal, Multimodal Equilibrium-2 (EMME-2) software. The results of this study show that while the free-flow speed of a motorcycle to the city of Yogyakarta is 42.42 km/h, with corresponding generalized cost of IDR1098 per trip, the actual speed in traffic jams is 10.77 km/h producing a generalized cost of IDR2767 per trip, giving a congestion pricing for a motorcycle of IDR1669 per trip. Based on the simulation by using EMME-2, the effect of congestion pricing will increase on vehicle speed by 0.72 to 8.11 %. The highest increase of vehicle speed occurred in Malioboro Street at 2.26 km/h, while the largest decrease occurred in Mayor Suryotomo Street at north-south direction at 1.07 km/h. Another effect of this application for motorcycles users will decrease the generalized cost by 1.09 to 6.63 %.

Research on the Urban Transportation Development in Our Country Based on the Traffic Congestion Pricing

2011 ◽  
Vol 97-98 ◽  
pp. 1032-1037
Author(s):  
Wei Kou ◽  
Lin Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Urban Transportation ◽  
Congestion Pricing ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Traffic Demand ◽  
Transportation Development

With the development and realization of industrialization and urbanization in the world, urban traffic volume grows rapidly; many big cities face more and more serious traffic problem. As a mean of traffic demand management, traffic congestion pricing has important significance in theory and practice. Traffic congestion pricing can counteract external diseconomy caused by network congestion, and the price of congestion is tantamount to the difference between social marginal cost and private marginal cost. This paper analyzes the economic theory of congestion pricing. Combined the effect of traffic congestion pricing that implemented in the developed countries, it researches the influence of urban transportation development in our country in the future based on the implementing congestion pricing.

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