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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crina Mihaela Verga ◽  
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This paper is a study of the infringement procedure, as it is regulated at EU level. Thus, we first analyze the existing legal framework on the matter. The implementation of this procedure in various Member States of the European Union and its consequences are then presented. Last but not least, the article refers to a series of aspects regarding the fields in which the procedure was directed against Romania since its integration into the EU. The purpose of the essay is to present in detail Romania's situation regarding the violation of EU’s law.Thus, a comparative presentation throughout time of the number of such proceedings launched against the Romanian state was made.A relevant case in which Romania was tried and convicted was also presented in detail.The large number of cases launched in 2021 highlights the delays registered by Romania on the matter. The measures ordered by the Romanian government through the elaborated the Annual Transposition Plan-2021must be carefully and systematically implemented. Romania could also consider and effectively apply the examples of good practice from the other EU’s member states. The historical and the comparative methods used in this presentation reveal both the similarities between the application of this procedure in the EU Member States under review as well as the differences and its succession in time. The article is important not only for the scientists, but also for the practitioners to dispose all the necessary measures that are required.


2022 ◽  
pp. 746-763
Author(s):  
Alessandro Laruffa

Within the historiography of history of Europe in the 20th century, it can be observed that the methodologies are mostly structured on archival research and comparative methods. Currently, the digital revolution has enabled the management of large amounts of data, information, and statistics. The history of historiography could consider the innovative methodologies for historical research like the digital humanities. This chapter reports the test of Omeka-S, an open-source content management system (CMS) specifically designed for humanities studies, on the history of European historiography. Omeka has been applied for the functions of digitisation, metadatation, and geolocation in accordance with international standards. The case study is the Association of European Historians (AsE), a network of historians from several European and non-European countries founded in 1983. The use of Omeka-S, in combination with traditional methodologies and network analysis, allows a more in-depth examination of the AsE's network and its historiographical paradigm.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 271
Author(s):  
Nadia Khumairo Ma'shumah ◽  
Isra F. Sianipar ◽  
Cynthia Yanda Salsabila

A scant number of Google Translate users and researchers continue to be skeptical of the current Google Translate's performance as a machine translation tool. As English passive voice translation often brings problems, especially when translated into Indonesian which rich of affixes, this study works to analyze the way Google Translate (MT) translates English passive voice into Indonesian and to investigate whether Google Translate (MT) can do modulation. The data in this research were in the form of clauses and sentences with passive voice taken from corpus data. It included 497 news articles from the online news platform ‘GlobalVoices,' which were processed with AntConc 3.5.8 software. The data in this research were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively to achieve broad objectives, depth of understanding, and the corroboration. Meanwhile, the comparative methods were used to analyze both source and target texts. Through the cautious process of collecting and analyzing the data, the results showed that (1) GT (via NMT) was able to translate the English passive voice by distinguishing morphological changes in Indonesian passive voice (2) GT was able to modulate English passive voice into Indonesian base verbs and Indonesian active voice.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Ayed Saad Ayed Alahmary ◽  
Muhammad Abdurrahman Sadique

This study aims to identify the civil liability of One-person company directors in both the Saudi and Jordanian laws and the related legal articles, to demonstrate the civil liability of One person company directors and when does it apply, and to shed light on the types of directors in One-Person Company in both Saudi Arabia and Jordan, and their obligations; also, the powers of the director and co-director and their limitations .The researcher used the analytical, inductive, and comparative methods by which several findings were achieved. The most important of which are: the Saudi government did not create any exclusive legal regulations for one-person companies as it is the case for other companies. Also, the basis of civil liability is the existence of harm, and the civil liability of one-person company director requires him to compensate for the damage caused by the breach of the obligations.


Author(s):  
Igor Borko

The purpose of the study is to consider, analyze the features and main aspects related to the development of the Ukrainian performing school of opera in the context of the evolution of European traditions. Methodology. Leading research methods are historical-genetic, comparative, methods of genre and stylistic analysis, and the method of performance analysis. Scientific novelty. The article examines the main aspects, characteristics, and methodological principles of Ukrainian and European musicology, which opened new opportunities for a more complete, unbiased study of the path that had to overcome the national music culture, opera. Conclusions. As conclusions of the research results, we can say that a detailed study and study of the history, present, and trends of national music culture contributes to the development of modern performance. Absolutization of the research approach can lead to significant losses in the scientific interpretation and interpretation of artistic trends and even certain distortions in the creation of a holistic view of musical processes. Keywords: performing school, opera art, musical art, musical culture, Ukrainian music.  


Author(s):  
Utash B. Ochirov ◽  

Introduction. The article analyzes historiography and history of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division, the only ethnic Kalmyk (largely) military unit that was engaged in active combat operations during the Great Patriotic War. However, despite its huge contribution to the heroic struggle against invading troops the unit — worthy of decent memory and respect — got surrounded with defamatory myths that bear no relation to actual events. Since most of the Division’s documents submitted to archives had disappeared, it took several decades to objectively examine its history. Materials and methods. The historical genetic method being a principal one for the present research, the latter also employs historical systemic and comparative methods. The sources analyzed are books and articles, official documents and correspondence from various archival repositories, personal messages and memoirs by veterans of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division and researchers of its history. Results. The article is a consistent review of the unit’s historiography that may be divided into five stages to be designated as follows: 1) period of silence and lies (1943–1957), 2) period of ‘sporadic’ studies (1957–1967), 3) period of active scientific work (1967–1977), 4) period of indifference (1977–2011), and 5) period of new scholarly interest (2011 to the present). The Kalmyk Cavalry Division has long been an object of defamatory insinuations and calumny when it was accused of ‘unreliability’, denounced as a ‘gang’ or even as German collaborators — these had clearly political implications. Meanwhile, the historical research was seriously complicated by the loss of most of its documents although after the disbandment those were duly handed over according to inventory lists along with the banners. This severely obstructed the process of preserving historical memory of the only ethnic Kalmyk unit that fought against the enemy during the Great Patriotic War. Hence, the difficulties that scholars in the field have had to overcome were immense. Part One of the article covers stages one to three. Conclusions. Historiography of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division may be described as a difficult and winding path, with periods of both oblivion and activation experienced.


2021 ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
N. STEPANENKO

Closely related Ukrainian and Russian languages show similarities and differences that permeate different language levels. This problem, despite its long existence, is still relevant. Among the differences that relate to the compared languages, there are inconspicuous and contrasting. The object of the proposed study was the facts of contrastive asymmetry at the level of structures with a locative type of determination. Using the methods of synchronous descriptive, comparative-historical, comparative methods, as well as the method of complex analysis of semantic- syntactic structures, we stated the facts of contrastive asymmetry between Ukrainian and Russian syntactic structures with spatial meaning in four levels: 1) formal-grammatical, 2) semantic, 3) syntactic and 4) synonymous. The proposed division is somewhat conditional because semantics organically interacts with syntagmatics it is closely related to synonymy. The formal-grammatical contrastive asymmetry includes the same values of the construction V + PO + Nloc (Ukrainian language) and V + PO + Ndat (Russian language). Their functional possibilities, the lexical-semantic spectrum of verb, and adverbial placeholders are clarified. It is emphasized that the constructions V + PO + Nloc (Russian Ndat) enter into intra-singular synonymy in the Ukrainian language and inter-singular synonymy in the Russian language. It is proved that at the level of distributive possibilities contrastive asymmetry covers first of all the instrumental prepositional case as a representative of locativity. The differences also apply to the main carriers of valence (a specific feature of the Ukrainian language is that this function, along with verbs of purposeful, sometimes unfocused movement perform verbatives of specific semantics of physical and sound action), lexical and semantic composition of adverbial nouns (in Ukrainian, it is much wider), which is extrapolated to such semantic types as proper and common names of land routes, names of types of cover, areas covered with low vegetation, continents, states, geographical and administrative areas, devices and mechanisms that serve to transport something. It is established that the semantic asymmetry is manifested by the constructions V + Z-POZA + Ngen, V + Z-POPID + Ngen, V + Z-PONAD + Ngen, V + Z_POSERD + Ngen, V + Z_POMIZH + Ngen, V + POPID + Nасс, V + POPID + Ninst, V + POPERED + Ninst, V + POMIZH + Ninst, which actualize the shade of distributivity with the participation of the preposition component. Constructions with a specific semantic description are also recorded, which function in the Ukrainian language and are absent in the Russian language (V + POVZ + Nass, V + PERED + Nass, V + NAD + Nass, V + MIZH + Nass).


Author(s):  
Danara V. Ubushieva ◽  

Introduction. There are a great number of “familiar” motifs and plotlines in Kalmyk folklore that originate from mythology. One such archaic story of a universal character in the Turkic-Mongolian world is a cosmogonic myth of the heavenly hunter and the three red deer. The article aims to attempt at reconstructing this cosmogonic myth in the Kalmyk epic heritage. Importantly, such reconstruction requires typological comparisons because the story is easily “identified” in a variety of traditions. The research materials used are the texts of early Baga Tsokhur cycle sagas of Kalmyk heroic epic “Djanggar”. The analysis was based on structural-semantic, structural-typological, and comparative methods. As a result, the author comes to the following conclusions. The structural-semantic analysis of the motif manifests its archaic roots originating from the ideas of cosmogonic beginnings of the universe. The epic story relating of Savar Warrior following the moon path while hunting deer and red deer originates from a cosmogonic myth of the heavenly marksman [Sirius] and the three red deer [the stars from the belt of the constellation Orion]. Moreover, the character of Savar Warrior shows some elements that may be associated with the archaic myth of a bear-hunter chasing the deer that stole the sun. The results of the present study agree with other researchers’ views, according to which, the principal symbols that the archaic calendar of the Kalmyk ancestors included were the images of a hoofed animal and a bear and that the image of the heavenly hunter of the ancient myth relating of the world beginning characteristic of a number of folklore traditions was a substitute of the mythological bear, the liberator of the sun.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Jiayong Xiao

The purpose of the system of evidence disqualification is to limit parties’ abuse of litigation rights and avoid litigation delays. However, China’s discretionary evidence disqualification legislation violates the essence of evidence disqualification and encourages the emergence of transactional litigation, making evidence disqualification in our country a minor issue. We must evaluate the substance of the evidence disqualification system and create evidence disqualification norms in other jurisdictions based on our national conditions in order to manage litigation procrastination and apply the concept of equality of parties. Remove the flaw while keeping the essence. Creation of the pre-trial procedure and application of the interpretation right should be the cornerstone to the system’s construction, according to research. At the same time, based on Chinas’ national conditions, taking the loss of probative power as the consequence of overdue instead of fines and other substantive measures, we should be able to achieve the purpose of reshaping the system of evidence disqualification.


Author(s):  
А.С. Харитонова ◽  
К.Е. Илауски

Статья посвящена исследованию символики и семантики праздничного костюма обских угров (народности ханты и манси). Использованы описательный и компаративный методы. Отмечается, что цветовой «словарь» данных народностей максимально конкретен и основан на непосредственном восприятии, поэтому «образы» цветов реалистичны и мифологичны одновременно. Соответственно, каждый цвет несет особую смысловую нагрузку, что детально рассмотрено на примере коллекции вышитой праздничной одежды остяков (ханты) «Узоры Конды». Показано, что костюм можно воспринимать как текст, прочитав который можно понять смысл его цветовой, орнаментальной, архитектурной текстуры. Резюмировано, что праздничный костюм обских угров — не только самобытное явление художественной традиции Западной Сибири, но и итог многовековой коммуникации между соседними народами. The article is devoted to the study of the symbolism and semantics of the festive costume of the Ob Ugrians (the Khanty and Mansi peoples). Descriptive and comparative methods were used. It is noted that the color "vocabulary" of these ethnic groups is as specific as possible and based on direct perception, therefore, the "images" of colors are realistic and mythological at the same time. Accordingly, each color carries a special semantic load, which is examined in detail on the example of the collection of embroidered festive clothes of the Ostyaks (Khanty) "Kondy Patterns". It is shown that the costume can be perceived as a text, after reading which one can understand the meaning of its color, ornamental, architectural texture. It is summarized that the festive costume of the Ob Ugrians is not only an original phenomenon in the artistic tradition of Western Siberia, but also the result of centuries-old communication between neighboring peoples.


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