Arbitrator ethics in New Zealand: The New Zealand approach to ethical obligations in international arbitration

<p>Arbitrators in international arbitrations must observe ethical obligations of impartiality and independence, competence, diligence, confidentiality and compliance with the arbitration agreement. A New Zealand understanding of these standard international obligations is influenced by New Zealand’s ethical culture. New Zealand arbitrators practicing overseas must recognise how their culture affects their approach to ethical obligations. In particular, they must be aware that a New Zealand approach to impartiality and independence may be seen as relaxed by those outside New Zealand. A New Zealand approach to ethical obligations is also applied during the enforcement of arbitrators’ obligations where New Zealand is the seat of an international arbitration. Foreign parties are likely to be satisfied with the enforcement of ethical obligations in New Zealand. This is good news for those seeking to establish New Zealand as a regional hub of international arbitration.</p>

Arbitrator ethics in New Zealand: The New Zealand approach to ethical obligations in international arbitration

<p>Arbitrators in international arbitrations must observe ethical obligations of impartiality and independence, competence, diligence, confidentiality and compliance with the arbitration agreement. A New Zealand understanding of these standard international obligations is influenced by New Zealand’s ethical culture. New Zealand arbitrators practicing overseas must recognise how their culture affects their approach to ethical obligations. In particular, they must be aware that a New Zealand approach to impartiality and independence may be seen as relaxed by those outside New Zealand. A New Zealand approach to ethical obligations is also applied during the enforcement of arbitrators’ obligations where New Zealand is the seat of an international arbitration. Foreign parties are likely to be satisfied with the enforcement of ethical obligations in New Zealand. This is good news for those seeking to establish New Zealand as a regional hub of international arbitration.</p>

Bringing the Family Logic in: From Duality to Plurality in Social Enterprises

Social enterprises combine activities, processes, structures, and meanings associated with multiple institutional logics that may pose conflicting goals, norms, values, and practices. This in-depth multi-source case study of an ecological social enterprise in Malaysia reveals how the enactment of the family logic interacts with the market and ecological logics not only in conflicting but also in synergetic ways. By drawing attention to the institutional logic of the family in social entrepreneurship, this study highlights the heterogeneity of social enterprises. The findings have implications for research with social enterprises and family-owned firms in relation to the ethical obligations of these organizations and the interactions of multiple logics.

Ethical concerns in maternal and child healthcare in Malawi

Background Caring is a core function of nurses and it confers upon them ethical obligations as ethical agents. Failure to carry out such ethical obligations raises ethical concerns. This study was not intended to explore ethical concerns, but the reported findings reveal problems which have ethical implications. This paper aims to elucidate the ethical issues inherent in the findings and propose strategies to mitigate them. Research design and methods An exploratory-descriptive qualitative design was used within a larger Action Research Study. Data were collected through focus group discussions with nurse/midwives, and through exit interviews which were conducted with the women who participated in the study on their day of discharge. Six focus group discussions and thirty exit interviews were conducted, and data were analysed through thematic analysis. Participants and research context The study took place at selected maternal and child healthcare settings in Lilongwe, Malawi. The participants were nurse/midwives and women who were admitted in maternal and child healthcare settings and were purposively sampled. Ethical considerations Ethical approval was obtained from the relevant ethics committee and all ethical guidelines were followed in the conduct of the study. Findings The findings are presented under three themes which emerged from the data. The findings reveal effects of staff shortages on patient outcomes, problems experienced in low resource clinical settings and disrespectful nurse/patient communication. Conclusion The findings reveal that institutional factors constrain moral agency and patient safety is severely compromised in some of the clinical settings in Malawi which raises serious ethical concerns.

Next Generation Adaptation

Next Generation Adaptation: Spectatorship and Process explores the ways in which cross-cultural adaptations often stage a collusion between competing cultural capital. The collusion conceals and reveals commonalities and differences between these cultural traditions before giving way to the differences that can distinguish one textual expression from another, just as it ultimately distinguishes one set of readers from another. An adaptation of any sort, but especially those that cross accepted stereotypes, or geographic or political boundaries, provide spectators space to negotiate attitudes and ideas that might otherwise lay latent in the text. Spectators are left to parse through each, often with special attention to the differences that exist between two expressions. Each new set of readers, each generation, distinguishes itself from an earlier set of readers, even as they exist along the same family tree. Given enough time, some new shared organizing strategy emerges until a new encounter or new expression of a text restarts the adaptational process every adaptation can trigger. Taken together, the chapters in Next Generation Adaptation each argue that the texts they consider foreground the kinds of space that exists between texts, between political commitments, between ethical obligations that every filmic text can open when the text is experienced as an adaptation. The chapters esteem the expansive dialogue adaptations accelerate when they realize their capacity to bring together two or more texts, two or more peoples, two or more ideologies without allowing one expression to erase another.

Introduction

This chapter situates the book in relation to key questions relating to the themes of prostitution and subjectivity, explaining its contribution to existing scholarship on both and bringing the reader up to date on relevant historiography. It outlines several definitions of subjectivity as the term has been employed by historians and makes the case for the importance of seeing medieval prostitutes as ‘complex subjects’, both within the history of prostitution specifically and in the larger context of histories from below. A concluding section asks what ethical obligations might be at hand in the archival encounter with past subjects.