Indian Logic (Ānvīkṣikī) as the Light of Knowledge and Its Relevance to the Learning of Hindu Philosophy Nowadays

<p><em>Ānvīkṣikī, </em>otherwise known as the science of critical studies, Indian logic, the science of logic and reasoning, is a branch of knowledge that illuminates other types of knowledge. <em>Ānvīkṣikī </em>learning is essential in the effort to study philosophy, theology, politics, and various types of knowledge. Similarly, to understand the Hindu texts, learning <em>Ānvīkṣikī </em>will facilitate the understanding and analysis of implicit and explicit meaning. In its development, <em>Ānvīkṣikī</em> has branched into the science of reasoning and logic, the science of debate, discussion, to the art of public speaking. In the past, this knowledge had to be learned because it was the light of all science. The power of thinking, reasoning, analytical skills, and debating skills still find relevance every time. This ability is still very much needed to bring religion and knowledge not to fall into dogmatism and even lead to evil.</p>

The tetralemma of the business family

PurposeThis conceptual article aims to contribute to the design of a theory of family-influenced firms by a framework for the management of business-family dilemmas.Design/methodology/approachIt combines systemic principles with the tetralemma, a tool from ancient Indian logic that families and businesses can use to manage and reframe dilemmas without dissolving the dilemmatic tensions or blurring their boundaries.FindingsIn applying the tetralemma, the article offers a range of suggestions, such as observing business and family as two discrete, yet codependent, social systems and envisioning conceptual and methodological imports from codependency research and therapy into family business research and practice.Originality/valueThe article proposes a framework for the selective and flexible navigation of family-business tensions without dissolving them or blurring their boundaries.

The Elephant's Footprint: An Ancient Indian Logic Diagram

A seminal article by Margaret Baron, published in 1969, explored the history of set diagrams (Venn diagrams). However, Baron did not look beyond the evidence of European sources. This article presents evidence of a literary simile from ancient India that exemplifies the idea of a larger circle including within it many smaller circles, each circle standing for an ethical concept. The simile – an elephant's footprint enclosing the footprints of smaller animals – first appears in the Buddhist Canon, and it was used occasionally in South Asian literature through the following millennia until the eighteenth century. I argue that the Elephant's Foot simile can be added to Baron’s catalogue of historical cases where ancient authors were using language that implied a simple concept of logical sets.