Intelligent optimization of EV comfort based on a cooperative braking system

To address the comfort of an electric vehicle, a coupling mechanism between mechanical friction braking and electric regenerative braking was studied. A cooperative braking system model was established, and comprehensive simulations and system optimizations were carried out. The performance of the cooperative braking system was analyzed. The distribution of the braking force was optimized by an intelligent method, and the distribution of a braking force logic diagram based on comfort was proposed. Using an intelligent algorithm, the braking force was distributed between the two braking systems and between the driving and driven axles. The experiment based on comfort was carried out. The results show that comfort after optimization is improved by 76.29% compared with that before optimization by comparing RMS value in the time domain. The reason is that the braking force distribution strategy based on the optimization takes into account the driver’s braking demand, the maximum braking torque of the motor, and the requirements of vehicle comfort, and makes full use of the braking torque of the motor. The error between simulation results and experimental results is 5.13%, which indicates that the braking force’s distribution strategy is feasible.

Four Junction Traffic Light Controller using PLC (S7-200)

Advance of a road traffic light control system using Programmable Logic Controller is the principal of the system. This system can be divided into two parts which are hardware and software. The hardware part for this system is a model of four -way junction of a traffic light. The Red, Yellow and Green are installed at each lane to represent as a traffic light signal indicator. This switches and lamps are linked to PLC. The PLC receives signal which is coming from the inputs (sensor and switch) and drives the units (lamps or relays). In the system, Siemens s7-200 PLC is used as the main controller of the traffic light system. The Step7 Micro Win software can be developed the ladder logic diagram which can control the traffic light for proposed system. So, the traffic light system can be successfully controlled by PLC.

The calculation of thermodynamic functions for simulation model of the column string-emulsion reactor

The simulation model of the column string-emulsion reactor previously suggested that the temperature does not change on the height of reactor and over time is consistent. The assessment of temperature changes in the reactor requires the knowledge on the amount of heat necessary to heat up the particles, absorbed or emitted in the course of chemical reactions, as well as the speed of heat transmission in space. The possibility of calculating these parameters for each floating particle in online regime is limited by the operating speed of the computer system. For accelerating the calculations, the author creates the database of these parameters for all substances involved in the reactions. In these circumstances, enthalpies and entropies were expressed in through the specific thermal capacity calculated based on the fifth degree polynomial. The coefficient values of the polynomial and phase transitions were taken from the reference books. The article provides an algorithm in form of the logic diagram for calculating the specific enthalpy of the particle. Based on the developed algorithm, the author creates the software that allows calculating thermodynamic functions. The interaction between the classes are demonstrated in the UML class diagram. The research presents the calculations of specific enthalpy and entropy for substances in the interval of temperatures of 298-1850 K. Variations of the values of enthalpy and entropy at the temperature of 1700 K compared to the reference values do not exceed 1.2 %.

The Elephant's Footprint: An Ancient Indian Logic Diagram

A seminal article by Margaret Baron, published in 1969, explored the history of set diagrams (Venn diagrams). However, Baron did not look beyond the evidence of European sources. This article presents evidence of a literary simile from ancient India that exemplifies the idea of a larger circle including within it many smaller circles, each circle standing for an ethical concept. The simile – an elephant's footprint enclosing the footprints of smaller animals – first appears in the Buddhist Canon, and it was used occasionally in South Asian literature through the following millennia until the eighteenth century. I argue that the Elephant's Foot simile can be added to Baron’s catalogue of historical cases where ancient authors were using language that implied a simple concept of logical sets.

Analysis of “2·28” KEEPER Chemical Industries Hazardous Chemical Explosion Accident Based on FTA and HFACS

On 28 February 2012, a guanidine nitrate explosion occurred at HEBEI KEEPER Chemical Industries Co., Ltd., China, resulting in 25 deaths, with 4 missing individuals and 46 injured. In order to explore the causal relationship hidden behind this accident, fault tree analysis (FTA) and the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) were used to systematically analyze the incident. Firstly, FTA was used to analyze the causes of the accident in depth, until all the basic causal events causing the guanidine nitrate explosion were identified, and a fault tree diagram of the guanidine nitrate explosion was drawn. Secondly, for the unsafe acts in the basic causal events, the HFACS model was used to analyze the three levels of factors that lead to unsafe acts, including the preconditions for unsafe acts, unsafe supervision, and organizational influences. Finally, based on the analysis results of FTA and HFACS, a complete logic diagram of the causes of the accident was obtained. The FTA and HFACS accident analysis methods allowed for the identification of human factors and the accident evolution process in the explosion accident and provide a reference for accident investigation.

Design Verification for Control Logic in Nuclear Power Plant

The control function for process, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, and electrical systems in nuclear power plant (NPP) are represented by control logic diagram. To develop distributed control system (DCS), the designer and supplier should complete the activities of control logic configuration, testing, and verification, which are based on control logic diagram. Design verification is an effective method to ensure the correctness of control logic design. This paper represents a system, which is capable of implementing control logic design verification automatically for NPP instrumentation and control (I&C) system, as well as an overview of the procedure and some examples by using this system. With the design data (including control requirements and control logic diagrams in computer-readable format) and simulation technology, this system automatically performs design verification based on different rules and confirms the design outputs meet the inputs—the control requirements of plant's systems. Finally, a conclusion about the design verification system and future scenarios is given.

Algorithm to Convert Signal Interpreted Petri Net Models to Programmable Logic Controller Ladder Logic Diagram Models

<span>Signal Interpreted Petri Nets (SIPN) modeling has been proposed as an alternative to Ladder Logic Diagram (LLD) modeling for programming complex programmable logic controllers (PLCs) due to its high level of abstraction and functionalities. This paper proposes an algorithm to efficiently convert existing SIPN models to their LLD models equivalences. In order to automate and speed up the conversion process, matrix calculation approach is used. A complex SIPN model was used to show that existing conversion technique must be expanded in order to cater for a more complex SIPN models.</span>