The Concept of Vulnerability in Aged Care: A Systematic Review of Argument-Based Ethics Literature

"Background. Vulnerability is a key concept in traditional – as well as contemporary – bioethics and medical ethics (Ten Have 2015, 2016). Within this literature, the concept of vulnerability is mostly defined in relation to autonomy: vulnerability refers to conditions of impaired and/or diminished autonomy (Belmont Report 1979; CIOMS 1991, 1993, 2002; WMA 2000, 2008; Bracken-Roche et al. 2017). Historically, vulnerability has been associated with several categories of agents, amongst which the elderly are paramount. However, no clear and unique conceptualization of vulnerability, when referred to the ageing population, is currently present – especially in domains other than research ethics: some refer to physiological degradation as a defining tenet, some others appeal to autonomy impairment, some others point to loneliness and isolation (Kahana et al. 1995; Slaets 2006; Dodds 2007; Andrew et al. 2008: Sternberg et al. 2011; Clegg et al. 2013). To fill this gap, we examined the meaning, foundations, and uses of vulnerability as ethical concept in the literature of aged care. Method. Using PRISMA procedure, we conducted a systematic review of argument-based ethics publications in 4 major databases (Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and Philosopher’s Index) of biomedical, philosophy, bioethical, and anthropological literature that focused on vulnerability in aged care. 5,735 results were obtained. Titles and abstracts were all screened. We are now in the process of full articles screening. All includes articles will then be critically analyzed. The results of this analysis process as well as a critical reflection on the results will be presented at the EACME conference. "

Conceptual metonymical models of the ethical concept of “goodness” in Russian paremiology

The work analyzes conceptual metonymical models of the ethical concept of goodness in Russian paremiology. It is shown that the concept of “goodness” can be designated not only through its components such as a good action, good words etc., but also represent its cognitive components such as good relations. It is concluded that it is possible to use a linguistic and cognitive approach in the study of cognitive models of Russian proverbs and idioms.

Koni as one of the founders of deontology in Russia

The subject of research is the concept of practical ethics by Anatoly F. Koni who was an outstanding Russian lawyer in the late 19th – beginning of 20th centuries. Particular attention is paid to his ethical research in the article. The interest in this area is not accidental. The principles of professional ethics formulated by Koni have become largely a model for Russian lawyers.The purpose of the article is to identify the stages of the formation of Koni’s ethical theory, its main elements and sources, which made it possible to reconstruct the ideas of the famous lawyer.As the main research methods the authors applied the problem-chronological approach and the systemic approach, considering Koni's ethics as an emerging theory, which turned into a complete concept in the 1920s. The structure of the ethical concept was outlined by Koni in 1919 in the Program "Ethics of Cohabitation".The main results, scope of application. It was revealed that for Koni issues of legal ethics were only part of his colossal work on ethics. He has been developing ethical themes since the 1880s. He formed the foundations of the theory, developed the main types of ethics at the beginning of the twentieth century, and the idea crystallized in the 1920s. In particular, he formulated the types of ethics: public order, financial, literary, public events, medical, conscience, national, personal behavior, etc. After going through three successive stages in the course of the study Koni developed the foundations of practical ethics, which could serve as a model for creating relations in a new society as he assumed. Koni chose ethics as the object of his scientific research. He made great efforts to develop his deontology, which we will not find any analogues of. He contributed to the philosophy and philosophy of law. He summarized all his works on deontology in the work "Ethics of the Cohabitation", which was prepared in 1927, but have never been published.Conclusions. Koni not only collected moments of crisis in contemporary ethical manifestations, analyzed the works of the main deontologists, analyzed in detail the types of ethics (some of which he formulated for the first time in science), but also formed a harmonious practical ethics of human personal behavior. At the same time Koni assumed such a development of a sensitive personality that would be able to take into account the smallest men-tal characteristics of other people and behave tactfully as much as possible. He returned to ethical issues in numerous works over and over again whether he wrote about social ills, about psychology, about expertise. He saw the main causes of deformations in the destruction of ethical principles. "Moral perversions" threatened the very existence of the state. He perceived the fall of Russia in 1917 as a logical completion of the disintegration of ethics. Koni saw a future salvation in the revival of Russia. His ethical ideal was Christian in nature in many ways, although Koni himself almost never connected ethics with religion in his works. Here he acted as a Kantian, as a supporter of the categorical imperative.

Professional Ethics in Obstetric Practice, Innovation, and Research

Obstetric clinical practice, innovation, and research should be guided by professional ethics in obstetrics. In this chapter, the authors distinguish professional medical ethics from medical ethics and bioethics. They set out an ethical framework for obstetrics based on the invention of professional medical ethics by two eighteenth-century physician-ethicists, John Gregory (1724–1773) and Thomas Percival (1740–1804). Professional ethics in obstetrics appeals to the ethical principles of beneficence and respect for autonomy and the ethical concept of the fetus as a patient. This framework is deployed to provide ethically justified, practical guidance about two ethical challenges in obstetric practice: the professionally responsible role of nondirective counseling of pregnant women about induced abortion and the professionally responsible role of directive counseling about planned home birth. This framework is also deployed to provide ethically justified, practical guidance about professionally responsible obstetric innovation and research for fetal benefit.

SOCIAL VALUE OF ETHICAL PROBLEMS FOR MODERN GENETIC RESEARCH IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY

This paper presents the multivariate analysis of the bioethical criterion for the understanding the social value of genetic research in medicine and biology. From the point of view of moral assessment, a historical retrospective and dialectics of genetic technologies’ development and their application in medical practice are given. The presented data indicate the social and moral conflict of the unbalanced genetic technologies’ using and the way for ethical and normative solution. The leading approaches to the search for optimization of genetic technologies based on improving the ethics of science, education, public confidence, and ensuring the ethical component of legislative regulation are considered. The construction of the work and the discussion of the results confirms by real and promising examples of genetic technologies: perinatal and pre-implantation diagnostics; genetic banks; editing the human genome. The specificity of the work lies in the direct long-term author's participation in the creation of an ethical concept of genetic research in medicine and biology on the national, regional and international levels

Islamization of Accounting Policies as a Solution to the Ethical Problem in Accounting through Accounting Education

There is a growing concern for accountant involvement in the continuous scandals which is due to the ethical judgments of certain accountants and amount of academics recommend that the school system is partly responsible. The ethical elements of accounting education were found to be inadequate, so there is a lack of meaningful attention to tackling accounting problems. In the first place, the purpose of this study is to highlight the importance of ethics in accounting education. Second, the paper argues that in the application of accounting ethics, specifically Islam, accounting education should concentrate on religious codes of ethics and values. Furthermore, this research explored the ethical viewpoint of Islam and how it gives some insights into the process of creating a more harmonized and ethical accountant. This study suggests the Islamization of the ethical concept of accounting as a solution to the ethical challenges the accounting profession is confronted with, in the form of the introduction of Islamic ethics in accounting curricula to be taught as part of the ethical accounting education method., the paper is a concept paper using other publications on the topic with the aimed of suggesting good system of accounting education that will produce accountants with excellent ethics.

TEACHER’ AND STUDENT’S ETHICAL CONCEPT IN AL GHAZALI'S PRESPECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to find out in depth al-Ghazali's concept of teachers and students. This research is library research. This study concludes several points. First, the ethical concept of teachers and students according to Al Ghazali is influenced by the insight of akhlaqi Sufism. Second, the implementation of the concept of teacher ethics according to Al Ghazali can be practiced by prioritizing the affairs of the hereafter, leaving something related to the world. But many concepts of teacher ethics and according to Al Ghazali can still be applied today in accordance with the concept of Indonesian teacher ethics. Although not all of them are carried out because the studies are different. The ethical concept of teachers and students offered by al-Ghazali is very important in the world of education in an effort to apply al-Ghazali's educational values in the midst of an increasingly modern society. Keywords: ethical concepts, teachers, students, moral education. KONSEP ETIKA GURU DAN PESERTA DIDIK PRESPEKTIF AL GHAZALI Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui secara mendalam konsep al-Ghazali tentang guru dan peserta didik. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan beberapa poin. Pertama konsep etika guru dan peserta didik menurut Al Ghazali dipengaruhi oleh wawasan tasawuf akhlaqi. Kedua, Implementasi konsep etika guru menurut Al Ghazali dapat dipraktekkan dengan cara lebih mengutamakan urusan akhirat, meninggalkan sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan dunia. Tapi banyak konsep etika guru dan menurut Al Ghazali yang masih bisa diterapkan sekarang sesuai dengan konsep etika guru Indonesia. Walaupun tidak semua dilakasanakan karena memang kajiannya berbeda. Konsep etika Guru dan peserta didik yang ditawarkan al-Ghazali sangat penting dalam dunia pendidikan dalam upaya penerapan nilai-nilai pendidikan al-Ghazali di tengah-tengah masyarakat yang semakin modern ini. Kata kunci: konsep etika, guru, peserta didik, pendidikan moral .

MODELS OF THE CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS OF THE ETHICAL CONCEPT OF EVILNESS IN RUSSIAN PHRASEOLOGY

Objective of this article is to describe models of conceptual metaphors of ethical concept “evilness” displayed and recorded in Russian phraseology, through the prism of national-cultural specificity of ethical fragment of Russian language picture of the world. Methods. We used the method of traditional linguistic analysis, lexical-semantic analysis and conceptual analysis. Results. The paper has shown that, on the one hand, among the diverse folk concepts, the concept “evilness” is determined as a basic-level concept, because it meets all the criteria for determining the basic-level concepts and acts as a reference point in the moral and value scale. On the other hand, in Russian phraseological units, the abstract ethical concept “evilness” can be represented as a materialized object (essence, substance, thing), including a specific object with specified features (functions, characteristics, attributes): liquid substance (water), spoiled food (spoiled apple) and goods, as a three-dimensional container and even as a mythological image (character): Baba-Yaga, the Devil and the Satan. Conclusions. The results obtained in this article allow us to say that these models are conceptual and metaphorical representation of evilness, largely shows not only ethnically related cultural characteristics of the ethical fragment of Russian language picture of the world, displayed in Russian phraseology, but also the cognitive specificity of Russian people.

Ethics form an Islamic Perspective

This essay titled ‘Ethics from Islamic Perspective’ includes morale and akhlaq. It intends to give awareness about the importance of ethics from an Islamic perspective. The essay is sufficient to give the reader a feel for its potential to encourage further research in the area of resolving ethical issues, specifically for those who are calling for universal ethical theories to avoid moral imperialism. The Islamic perspective of the ethical concept should be referred to based on the Holy Qur’an from the God and Ahadith of Prophet Muhammad. The ethical concept must be general and not too bias for others. The findings of this paper can be used as topics of discussion, it is because the Islamic Work Ethics has economic as well as moral/ akhlaq dimensions.

DEVELOPMENT OF A MODERN CONCEPT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

More and more companies are turning their attention to business socialization. Literary sources were analyzed in the article and it was determined that all theoretical approaches to the formation of a corporate social responsibility strategy can be combined into the following concepts: instrumental concept, political concept, integrative concept, ethical concept. In the context of the economic crisis, it is necessary to focus on combining the instrumental approach with the integrative one. It should be achieved by introducing corporate social responsibility into the activities of enterprises in a such way as to ensure improving the image of the enterprise, which will lead to an increase in financial and other performance indicators, and the opportunity of socially significant actions, contribute to the development of society while integrating the principles of corporate social responsibility into all areas of the enterprise activity.