Rare-Earth Doped Upconverting Nanophosphors for Light-Mediated Biocidal Surface Development

Since the earliest civilization, diminishing the occurrence and subsequent transmission of pathogenic microorganisms in the indoor environment has been one of the utmost priorities to the human society. In line with intensive research towards the surface disinfection through the use of several photocatalytic processes, rare-earth doped upconverting nanophosphors (UCNPs) have recently drawn a great attention on the basis of their purely optical phenomenon of directly converting visible light into germicidal ultraviolet radiation (namely ultraviolet C) via the unique photoluminescence process namely ‘upconversion’. The efficient upconversion of abundant visible light into ultraviolet photons in the germicidal range and, consequently, effective biocidal action while coated onto surfaces enable UCNPs as a potential candidate to be used for inhibiting germ spreading through the inanimate surface in public places, hospitals and so forth.

Abstract P-35: Cryo-Electron Tomography of Protein Conjugated Upconverting Nanophosphors

Background: Over the past decades, significant advances have been made in the field of creating nanobioreagents for solving modern medicine problems (Grebenik et al., JBO, 2013). However, the problem of their low accumulation rate in pathological tissue in vivo experiments still remains. First of all, it is associated with the adsorption of blood proteins on the surface of nanobioreagents and the protein layer formation, which significantly changes the surface properties, which leads to their rapid excretion by the reticuloendothelial system. In particular, it is possible to reduce the blood plasma proteins adsorption and increase the time spent in the circulatory system by forming a coating of proteins. Methods: In situ cryоelectron tomography (Cryo-ET) is the only method that allows the experimental observation of protein structures on the nanoparticle’s surface in their natural functional state. The basic principle of the method is to obtain a series of projections of a vitrified sample thin lamella at different tilt angles related to an incident electron beam. Their further processing leads to obtaining the volumetric information about the structure of the sample. The use of a cryo-focused ion beam (Cryo-FIB) in specimen thinning makes it possible to carry out experiments with thin sections of cellular structures and observe the penetration of nanoparticles into the intracellular environment. Results: Upconverting nanophosphors (AN) were used as a nanoplatform for creating a protein coating. To create a protein coating on the AN surface, they were functionalized using an amphiphilic polymer containing carboxyl groups. Then, conjugation with protein molecules from the class of immunoglobulins was carried out by the method of carbodiimide activation. At each stage of synthesis and modification, AN solutions with different size distribution were vitrified for subsequent tomography. After a series of experiments to study the morphology of nanoparticles, an experiment on their successful absorption by cells of the cancer line A549 was carried out. Conclusion: Within this work, a series of in situ Cryo-ET methods were proposed and applied for structural characterization and visualization of the processes of synthesis, modification, and engulfment of nanoparticles into cellular systems. For the first time in its native form, the engulfment of ANF into the internal environment of the A549 cancer line cells was demonstrated.

Energy transfer and dipole–dipole interaction in Er3+/Eu3+/Yb3+:Gd2(MoO4)3 upconverting nanophosphors

Yb3+ sensitized upconversion and downconversion properties in the Er3+/Eu3+/Yb3+:Gd2(MoO4)3 nanophosphors for application in optical devices.