Interim Conclusions

This chapter summarizes the previous findings and exposes the false dichotomies that led to the proliferation of the different conceptualizations. It shows how the four conceptualizations can be applied to a legal dispute concerning the responsibility of an international organization. In particular, it discusses the Al-Dulimi case before the European Court of Human Rights. The circumstances of the case prompt the adoption of one or the other conceptualization on the basis of the argumentative strategy. The analysis highlights the difficulties in providing a general legal framework to establish the responsibility of international organizations and/or of their member states. The chapter is divided into two subsections, focusing on the admissibility and the merits of the Al-Dulimi case. It concludes that the adoption of an international legal framework applicable to all international organizations is subject to the possibility to rebut limited perspectives and to adopt an ‘absolute point of view’.

Machine-Scored Syntax: Comparison of the CLAN Automatic Scoring Program to Manual Scoring

Purpose The results of automatic machine scoring of the Index of Productive Syntax from the Computerized Language ANalysis (CLAN) tools of the Child Language Data Exchange System of TalkBank (MacWhinney, 2000) were compared to manual scoring to determine the accuracy of the machine-scored method. Method Twenty transcripts of 10 children from archival data of the Weismer Corpus from the Child Language Data Exchange System at 30 and 42 months were examined. Measures of absolute point difference and point-to-point accuracy were compared, as well as points erroneously given and missed. Two new measures for evaluating automatic scoring of the Index of Productive Syntax were introduced: Machine Item Accuracy (MIA) and Cascade Failure Rate— these measures further analyze points erroneously given and missed. Differences in total scores, subscale scores, and individual structures were also reported. Results Mean absolute point difference between machine and hand scoring was 3.65, point-to-point agreement was 72.6%, and MIA was 74.9%. There were large differences in subscales, with Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase subscales generally providing greater accuracy and agreement than Question/Negation and Sentence Structures subscales. There were significantly more erroneous than missed items in machine scoring, attributed to problems of mistagging of elements, imprecise search patterns, and other errors. Cascade failure resulted in an average of 4.65 points lost per transcript. Conclusions The CLAN program showed relatively inaccurate outcomes in comparison to manual scoring on both traditional and new measures of accuracy. Recommendations for improvement of the program include accounting for second exemplar violations and applying cascaded credit, among other suggestions. It was proposed that research on machine-scored syntax routinely report accuracy measures detailing erroneous and missed scores, including MIA, so that researchers and clinicians are aware of the limitations of a machine-scoring program. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.11984364

Absolute point algorithm for solving unbalanced fuzzy transportation problem

In real time situations, the total availability of goods or product may be more or less than the actual market demand and the unbalanced transportation situation arise more commonly. Such unbalanced Transportation Problems (TP) are solved by introducing dummy source or destination which do not exist in reality. The optimal allocation involves cells from such dummy source or destination and the allocated number of quantities are held back at one or more origins. The paper aims to propose an algorithm based on Absolute Points to solve unbalanced TP under fuzzy environment. The proposed algorithm is advantageous than the existing algorithms in such a way that it provides the added information of transporting the excess availability from dummy supply point to appropriate destination to meet future demands at minimum cost. Finally, by virtue of the proposed algorithm an example is done to illustrate the practicality and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Projective geometry in characteristic one and the epicyclic category

We show that the cyclic and epicyclic categories which play a key role in the encoding of cyclic homology and the lambda operations, are obtained from projective geometry in characteristic one over the infinite semifield ofmax-plus integersℤmax. Finite-dimensional vector spaces are replaced by modules defined by restriction of scalars from the one-dimensional free module, using the Frobenius endomorphisms of ℤmax. The associated projective spaces arefiniteand provide a mathematically consistent interpretation of Tits's original idea of a geometry over the absolute point. The self-duality of the cyclic category and the cyclic descent number of permutations both acquire a geometric meaning.

Projective geometry in characteristic one and the epicyclic category

We show that the cyclic and epicyclic categories which play a key role in the encoding of cyclic homology and the lambda operations, are obtained from projective geometry in characteristic one over the infinite semifield of max-plus integers ℤmax. Finite-dimensional vector spaces are replaced by modules defined by restriction of scalars from the one-dimensional free module, using the Frobenius endomorphisms of ℤmax. The associated projective spaces are finite and provide a mathematically consistent interpretation of Tits's original idea of a geometry over the absolute point. The self-duality of the cyclic category and the cyclic descent number of permutations both acquire a geometric meaning.

AUTOMORPHISMS AND OPPOSITION IN TWIN BUILDINGS

We show that every automorphism of a thick twin building interchanging the halves of the building maps some residue to an opposite one. Furthermore, we show that no automorphism of a locally finite 2-spherical twin building of rank at least 3 maps every residue of one fixed type to an opposite (a key step in the proof is showing that every duality of a thick finite projective plane admits an absolute point). Our results also hold for all finite irreducible spherical buildings of rank at least 3, and imply that every involution of a thick irreducible finite spherical building of rank at least 3 has a fixed residue.

Videografi: Kamera dan Teknik Pengambilan Gambar

Technology advances have greatly influenced in film and television development in the last decades. The purpose of this article is that videographers are able to increase their competence and skills in both mastering video camera and producing innovative and artistic work. A camera is one of the vital devices to take video pictures. In order to produce the best pictures, the camera mastery, the mastery of both the parts of the camera and the picture taking techniques, becomes an absolute point. Therefore, the abilities of the videographers can be improved significantly and they are able to produce the best and acknowledged work.