In-vitro Antibacterial Effects of Aqueous, Ethanolic, Methanolic, Acetone and Hydro Ethanolic Extracts of Achillea Millefolium on Standard Klebsiella, S. pyogenes, and Oral Bacterias Strains

Introduction: So far, a lot of attempts have been carried out to find antimicrobial compounds. In this study, it was also tried to investigate the antibacterial effects of Achillea millefolium on standard Klebsiella, S. pyogenes, and oral bacterias strain. Material and Methods: The aerial parts of Achillea millefolium were used and the aqueous, ethanolic, methanolic, acetone and hydroethanolic extracts were prepared. After the preparation of standard strains of Klebsiella, S. pyogenes, and oral bacterias and sterilization of extracts by the Millipore filter, the antibacterial effects of these extracts on the mentioned microorganisms were assessed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and well diffusion at the concentration 50 mg/ml. The test was repeated three times for each bacterium. Results: It was exposed that aqueous extract of Achillea millefolium had the most distinguished antimicrobial effects against all studied strains and methanolic extract had antimicrobial effects only on S. pyogenes. MIC and MBC of effective extracts were the basic concentration (50mg/ml), and non-growth zone was not observed in other serial dilution in case of all bacteria. Conclusion: The Achillea millefolium can be admitted as an antibacterial medicinal herb. Thus, it can be concluded that after evaluating their effects in vitro, Achillea millefolium can be utilized as an alternative to the routine chemical drugs.

In Vitro Preparation And Testing Of Anti-Salmonella Vaccine Against Abortion In Sheep

In March 2016, the microbiology laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Cluj-Napoca, 3 type of antisalmonella vaccine for sheep were prepared. For type 1, 24 hours salmonella on brain heart infusion (BHI) broth culture, heat inactivated for 1 hour at 60°C, then with formaldehyde in a concentration of 3 ‰. Variant 2 - the culture supernatant obtained on solid BHI medium, washed with PBS, frozen-thawed 6 times, centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 15 minutes, filtered through 0.2 μm Millipore filter Orange Scientific. Variant 3 - suspension of cell walls remaining after centrifugation suspended in PBS and inactivated with formaldehyde.After the bacterial and fungal sterility control, the three types of vaccine were administered in rabbits by the subcutaneous route at a dose of 1 ml/individual along with 1 ml of plant extract adjuvant (decoction of Ewernia prunastri) sterilized by filtration.There have been two booster inoculations of the initial administration, 7 and 14 days after. Before each dose of vaccine, blood was sampled from the marginal auricular vein in order to control the immunogenicity by anti-somatic ˮOˮ serum antibody (Ab) titration using slow microplate agglutination test (Widal reaction). After three inoculations with the vaccine variant 1, Ab serum titer reached 1/128, and in types 2 and 3, 1/512 after 2 inoculations, decreasing to 1/256 after the second booster administered with no immunomodulator.

A rapidly filled capillary mount for both dry powder and polycrystalline slurry samples

A method of rapid capillary sample loading of either dry powder or polycrystalline slurry has been developed. By embedding a Millipore filter in a Kapton capillary tube, one can then draw either loose dry powder or polycrystalline slurry into the tube and pack the solid against the filter, creating a dense column of powder suitable for a Debye–Scherrer powder diffraction experiment.