powder diffraction
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Author(s):  
Jiaxun Liu ◽  
Juan Du ◽  
Anthony E Phillips ◽  
Peter B Wyatt ◽  
David A Keen ◽  
...  

Abstract We report the results of a neutron powder diffraction study of the phase transitions in deuterated methylammonium lead iodide, with a focus on the system of orientational distortions of the framework of PbI6 octahedra. The results are analysed in terms of symmetry-adapted lattice strains and normal mode distortions. The higher-temperature cubic–tetragonal phase transition at 327 K is weakly discontinuous and nearly tricritical. The variations of rotation angles and spontaneous strains with temperature are consistent with a standard Landau theory treatment. The lower-temperature transition to the orthorhombic phase at 165 K is discontinuous, with two systems of octahedral rotations and internal distortions that together can be described by five order parameters of different symmetry. In this paper we quantify the various symmetry breaking distortions and their variation with temperature, together with their relationship to the spontaneous strains, within the formalism of Landau theory. A number of curious results in the low-temperature phase are identified, particularly regarding distortion amplitudes that decrease rather than increase with lowering temperature.


Author(s):  
Robert A. Toro ◽  
Analio Dugarte-Dugarte ◽  
Jacco van de Streek ◽  
José Antonio Henao ◽  
José Miguel Delgado ◽  
...  

The structure of racemic (RS)-trichlormethiazide [systematic name: (RS)-6-chloro-3-(dichloromethyl)-1,1-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1λ6,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide], C8H8Cl3N3O4S2 (RS-TCMZ), a diuretic drug used in the treatment of oedema and hypertension, was determined from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data using DASH [David et al. (2006). J. Appl. Cryst. 39, 910–915.], refined by the Rietveld method with TOPAS-Academic [Coelho (2018). J. Appl. Cryst. 51, 210–218], and optimized using DFT-D calculations. The extended structure consists of head-to-tail dimers connected by π–π interactions which, in turn, are connected by C—Cl...π interactions. They form chains propagating along [101], further connected by N—H...O hydrogen bonds to produce layers parallel to the ac plane that stack along the b-axis direction, connected by additional N—H...O hydrogen bonds. The Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates a major contribution of H...O and H...Cl interactions (32.2 and 21.7%, respectively). Energy framework calculations confirm the major contribution of electrostatic interactions (E elec) to the total energy (E tot). A comparison with the structure of S-TCMZ is also presented.


Nanomaterials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Cody Landry ◽  
Alexander Morrison ◽  
Mehdi Esmaeili ◽  
Khashayar Ghandi

In this work, through a combination of photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and magnetic measurements, it is determined that ZnO rods, made hydrothermally using a combination of magnetic field with respect to the force of gravity, exhibit superparamagnetic properties which emerge from Zn defects. These Zn defects result in a size-dependent superparamagnetic property of the rods. Red emissions, characteristic of Zn vacancies, and magnetic susceptibility both increased with decreasing rod size. The ZnO rods have significantly larger superparamagnetic cluster sizes (one order of magnitude) and lower fluctuation rates when compared to other superparamagnetic particles.


2022 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hui Li ◽  
Meng He ◽  
Ze Zhang

Quantitative phase analysis is one of the major applications of X-ray powder diffraction. The essential principle of quantitative phase analysis is that the diffraction intensity of a component phase in a mixture is proportional to its abundance. Nevertheless, the diffraction intensities of the component phases cannot be compared with each other directly since the coherent scattering power per unit cell (or chemical formula) of each component phase is usually different. The coherent scattering power per unit cell of a crystal is well represented by the sum of the squared structure factors, which cannot be calculated directly when the crystal structure data is unavailable. Presented here is a way to approximate the coherent scattering power per unit cell based solely on the unit cell parameters and the chemical contents. This approximation is useful when the atomic coordinates for one or more of the phases in a sample are unavailable. An assessment of the accuracy of the approximation is presented. This assessment indicates that the approximation will likely be within 10% when X-ray powder diffraction data is collected over a sufficient portion of the measurable pattern.


2022 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
И.В. Бакланова ◽  
В.Н. Красильников ◽  
А.П. Тютюнник ◽  
Я.В. Бакланова

Al2О3:Dy3+ oxides with different colors luminescence were synthesized using precursor technology. The phase composition and crystal structure of the obtained materials were established by X-ray powder diffraction analysis. The excitation and emission spectra, decay curves, thermal quenching of luminescence were studied. Under UV excitation, the phosphors exhibit blue, purplish blue, white emission depending on the concentration of dysprosium and the temperature of annealing of the Al1-xDyx(OH)(HCOO)2 precursor in air.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Serrano ◽  
Maria Teresa Fernandez-Diaz ◽  
Jose L. Martinez ◽  
Jose Antonio Alonso

The crystal structure of LuNiO3 perovskite has been examined below RT and across TN = 125 K by neutron powder diffraction. In this temperature region (2-298 K), well below the...


2022 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-75
Author(s):  
Fayene Zeferino Ribeiro de Souza ◽  
Amanda Cosmo de Almeida ◽  
Patr�cia Osorio Ferreira ◽  
Richard Perosa Fernandes ◽  
Fl�vio Junior Caires

Quercetin (QUE) is a nutraceutical compound that exhibits pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-ulcer, and anti-inflammatory effects. Although QUE is well-known for its benefits, its efficacy is limited due to low solubility. Thus, cocrystallization acts as an interesting approach to improve the solubility�among other properties�of this compound. In this work, cocrystallization screening was applied through neat grinding (NG) and liquid-assisted grinding (LAG), in which QUE and four cocrystal formers (benzamide,�picolinamide, isonicotinamide, and pyrazinoic acid) were tested. The precursors and QUE-coformer systems were characterized using thermoanalytical techniques (TG-DTA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed the formation of QUE cocrystals with picolinamide and isonicotinamide coformers in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. Furthermore, although coformers are isomers, spectroscopic and thermal data suggest that the supramolecular synthons involved in cocrystallization are different.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
RongMin Cheng ◽  
Conghong Zhan ◽  
Juanjuan Gao

Using Ni foam as a template, Mn0.6Ni0.4CO3 nanosheet assembles were synthesized by hydrothermal method and calcination treatment. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Inductively...


Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Zia Ur Rehman ◽  
Mohsan Nawaz ◽  
Hameed Ullah ◽  
Pervaiz Ahmad ◽  
Mayeen Uddin Khandaker ◽  
...  

In the quasi-binary system CaNi2-MgNi2 solid-solutions CaxMg1−xNi2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) were prepared from the elements. They crystallize in the hexagonal Laves phase type (MgNi2, C36) for x ≤ 0.33 (P63/mmc, a = 482.51(7) pm, c = 1582.1(3) pm for x = 0, a = 482.59 (3), c = 1583.1(1) for x = 0.33) and in the cubic Laves phase type (MgCu2, C15) for 0.33 < x (Fd−3m, a = 697.12(3) pm for x = 0.5, a = 705.11(2) pm for x = 0.67, a = 724.80(2) pm for x = 1). After hydrogenation in an autoclave the X-ray diffraction patterns changed completely. Reflections assigned to CaNiH3, and Ni and Rietveld refinement confirmed this. The hydrogenation properties of CaxMg1−xNi2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) compounds were also studied in situ by X-ray powder diffraction. In situ X-ray powder diffraction of CaxMg1−xNi2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) compounds under 0.3 MPa hydrogen gas flow (15 sccm), data collected on a Rigaku SmartLab diffractometer in an Anton Paar XRK 900 Reactor Chamber using Cu-Kα1 radiation. Scanning electron microscopy and EDX spectroscopy confirmed the entitled materials and elemental composition, respectively. From the Transmission electron microscopy and Selected area electron diffraction concluded that the CaxMg1−xNi2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) compounds were crystalline.


Author(s):  
Benjamin Strehle ◽  
Tanja Zünd ◽  
Sabrina Sicolo ◽  
Aleksandr Kiessling ◽  
Volodymyr Baran ◽  
...  

Abstract Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides (LMR-NCMs) are promising cathode active materials (CAMs) in future lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high energy density. However, the material undergoes a unique open circuit voltage (OCV) hysteresis between charge and discharge after activation, which compromises its roundtrip energy efficiency and affects the thermal management requirements for an LIB system. The hysteresis is believed to be caused by transition metal (TM) migration and/or by oxygen redox activities. Using in-situ X-ray powder diffraction (XPD), we monitor the lattice parameters of over-lithiated NCMs during the initial cycles and show that also the lattice parameters feature a distinct path dependence. When correlated to the OCV instead of the state of charge (SOC), this hysteresis vanishes for the unit cell volume and gives a linear correlation that is identical for different degrees of over-lithiation. We further aimed at elucidating the role of TM migration on the hysteresis phenomena by applying joint Rietveld refinements to a series of ex-situ XPD and neutron powder diffraction (NPD) samples. We critically discuss the limitations of this approach and compare the results with DFT simulations, showing that the quantification of TM migration in LMR-NCMs by diffraction is not as straightforward as often believed.


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