Cognitive and Emotional Processes and Life Satisfaction of Korean Adults With Childhood Abuse Experience According to the Level of Emotional Expressiveness

This study evaluates a hypothesized model describing the cognitive and emotional processes of childhood abuse and its influence on life satisfaction and explores the moderating effect of emotional expressivity in Korean young adults. The mediating roles of early maladaptive schema and state anxiety are explored, and the level of life satisfaction is compared according to the emotional expressivity level. A total of 550 young adults completed self-reported questionnaires, including Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-SF), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), and Emotional Expressivity Scale (EES). The mediating roles of early maladaptive schema and state anxiety between childhood abuse and life satisfaction are confirmed. In the low emotional expressivity group, the double-mediation effect of early maladaptive schema and state anxiety is confirmed, whereas for the high emotional expressivity group, the mediating roles of each early maladaptive schema and state anxiety are confirmed, as well as the double-mediation effect. Moreover, the high emotional expressivity group showed higher life satisfaction. The study results imply that even though expressing emotions does not result in immediate mood elevation, but eventually leads to higher life satisfaction. The implications, limitations, and suggestions are discussed.

Maladaptive schema modes as the predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder among trauma survivors

Objectives: To study the relationship between dysfunctional schema modes and post-traumatic stress disorder among trauma survivors. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in public hospital (Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences) Islamabad, Pakistan, from March 2019 to August 2019. Two scales were used, Schema Mode Inventory (SMI) for assessment of maladaptive and adaptive schema, whereas, for PTSD assessment, Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5) was used. Total 281 patients of TBI and orthopedic trauma were studied, of which 137 had been diagnosed with orthopedic trauma, 96 were TBI, and 48 had suffered from multiple injuries that were older than 18 years. Result: Simple linear regression showed that maladaptive schema mode was associated with PTSD. Moreover, the result showed that the prevalence of PTSD severity symptoms were greater in survivors with maladaptive than adaptive schema modes. Further result showed that PTSD Symptoms and dysfunctional schema modes were higher in moderate injured patient’s M (42.14) SD (7.36). In the same way, intentionally injured patient’s M (42.70) SD (6.92) and female trauma survivor’s M (42.05) SD (8.26) had higher PTSD symptoms. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrates that maladaptive schema mode leads to PTSD symptoms among trauma survivors with history of orthopedic injury, TBI and multiple injury patients. Keywords: PTSD Symptoms, Maladaptive Schema Modes, Continuous....

A preliminary study: designing and validating projective images of Young’s early maladaptive schema (EMS) domains

Background This study aims to design and validate ten projective images of Young’s Early Maladaptive Schema (EMS) domains. For this purpose, two questions are to be addressed. (1) How is the factorial structure of the projective images of EMS domains? (2) Do the images designed in the domains of disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, impaired limits, other-directedness, and over-vigilance and inhibition have sufficient validity? Methods This is an applied mixed-methods exploratory study, in which the statistical population consisted of psychologists from Tehran Province in the qualitative section (n = 8) as well as other individuals aged between 18 and 65 years (mean age = 33) from Qazvin in the quantitative section (n = 102) in 2018. The research questions were analyzed through principal axis factoring with a varimax rotation, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Cronbach’s alpha. Results According to the results, ten images and five domains of Young’s EMSs contribute to a simple structure. Accounting for 70.35% of the total variance of EMSs, the five dimensions include disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, impaired limits, other-directedness, and over-vigilance and inhibition. Conclusions The results indicated that the designed projective images yielded acceptable construct validity.

The Mediating Role of Depression Between Early Maladaptive Schema and Pain: A Structural Equation Modelling

Background: Individuals with chronic pain frequently display comorbid depression. Depression and chronic pain may be related to childhood maltreatment and early distress. Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) designed to assess early distress. EMSs are at the core of personality pathology and psychological distress.Objective: The main objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that depression mediates the relationship between EMSs and pain.Methods: One hundred chronic pain patients completed Young’s Schema Questionnaire, McGill Pain Questionnaire and depression subscale of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results: We estimated two structural models; second model fitted the clinical sample well (chi2= 19.2; p= .31). In this model a latent variable (general maladaptive schema) was explored is directly associated with depression (β=0.39; p<0.01); Also depression is associated with the pain (β= -.57; p<0.01); General maladaptive schema had an indirect effect on pain that was mediated by depression (β= -.35; p<0.01). Conclusions: The results of the study suggested that early emotional maltreatment plays an important role in depression and pain in chronic pain patients. The model can help to adequate and establish targets for the psychological treatments included in multidisciplinary programs for this disorder.