Management of Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) makes up 75% of the fifth most common cancer in North America. With a high rate of recurrence and progression, which leads to significant treatment burden for patients and high costs to healthcare systems, NMIBC poses several critical clinical challenges. Enhanced cystoscopic techniques are improving detection and optimal resection of these tumors. The administration of intravesical therapies, including especially cytotoxic chemotherapy and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy, continues to evolve, and several promising agents are under development. Refined definitions of treatment failure are promoting clinical trial activity in this domain. The optimal timing of radical cystectomy for BCG therapy–unresponsive patients continues to be a key unresolved question, but advances in the molecular characterization of NMIBC are likely to enhance individualized, risk-adapted therapy in the near future. This review contains 3 Figures, 10 Tables and 91 references Key words: bladder cancer; cystoscopy; narrow band imaging; fluorescence cystoscopy; transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT); intravesical chemotherapy; bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy; urine markers.

SOME GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH THE BLADDER CANCER, HISTOPATHOLOGY AND THE RELATION WITH THE STAGE

Background: The tumourlike lesions of the bladder highly oriented as malignant tumours in which the urothelial type was predominant. Many factors were related to this disease, especially the age, gender and smoking have been indicated. The diagnosis, staging and the determination of the factor related to the disease stage were important for the treatment. Objectives: To describe some general characteristics of patients with the bladder cancer. To determine the relation between some general characteristics of patients with the bladder cancer, histopathological grade and the stage. Materials, method: cross - sectional study on 59 cases in Hue University Hospital and Hue Central Hospital from April, 2016 to March, 2017. Results: the male patients were dominant with M/F ratio: 3.2/1; the average age was 66,5, most of them were peasants and the smoking male patient was accounting for 61.0%; the tumours appeared for the first time were 64.4%, for the second time or more were 35.6%. Histopathology and the relation with the disease stage showed that: the most frequent type of cancer was urothelial (98.3%), the squamous cell cancer was only 1.7%; histopathologically, the high grade was frequent (83.1%) including the grade 2 (50.9%), grade 3 (32.2%) and the low grade (grade 1) of only 16.9%; the majority of the tumours were in muscular invave stage (79.7%) and the superficial ones were lower of only 20.3%; there was the relation between histopathological grade and the invasive stage; otherwise it didn’t find any relation between the times of history that patients affected or the tumour size with the stage of bladder cancer in this research. Conclusion: majority of the patients came at the late stage (muscular invasive tumour) and the number of bladder cancer in male was higher than in female, about 61% of male patient have been smoking. There was the relation between histopathological grade and the invasive stage; otherwise it didn’t find any relation between the times of history that patients affected or the tumour size with the stage of bladder cancer in this research. Key words: bladder cancer, histopathology, urothelial carcinoma, differentiation grade, stage, muscular invasion

CLINICAL SYMPTOMS, ULTRASOUND AND HISTOPATHOLOGY OF TUMORLIKE LESIONS OF THE BLADDER.

Background: Bladder cancer is one of the most frequent type of urinary cancer which has been ever increasing. For the better treatment, the early discovery and definite diagnosis of this disease played an important role. Objective: To describe some clinical symptoms and ultrasound features of tumorlike lesions of the bladder. To diagnose and classify the histopathology of tumorlike lesions of the bladder. Materials, method: cross - sectional study on 64 cases in Hue University Hospital and Hue central hospital from April, 2016 to February, 2017. Results: Hematuria was the most common reason that patients went to hospital (79.7%). Lower abdominal pain and irritation during urination accounting for 9.4% and 6.2% respectively. Only 3 patients with bladder cancer were accidentally discovered through periodic health examination (4.7%). The characteristics of hematuria in bladder tumor was flesh red urine (62.5%) and total hematuria (60.7%). With ultrasonography, the results of 64 patients were divided in 3 groups as follow: bladder tumor, which was the highest rate 87.5%, bladder polyp was 3.1% and focal bladder wall thickening was 9.4%. Of which, the vast majority of these ultrasound images was tumor - like lesions protruding in the lumen of the bladder (75%), the rest was wall thickening lesions (25%). Tumors were different in size, the biggest tumor was 7cm in diameter and the smallest was 0.6cm. Those with the diameter 3cm or bigger accounting for 42.2%, the smaller was 57.8%. Most cases have only one lesion (62.5%) and at lateral wall (46.6%). Histopathologically, cancer was 59/64 case (92.2%): urothelial carcinoma was 98.3 %, squamous cell carcinomawas 1.7% and 5 cases (7.8%) were benign. Most cancerous cases were poorly differentiated, grade II (50.9%) and grade III (32.2%). The stage T1NxMx was 20.3% and worse than T2MxNx was 79.7%. Conclusion: hematuria was the most popular symptom, suggesting bladder cancer. Clinical diagnosing bladder cancer was not high sensitive (61.01%). Ultrasound could detect bladder tumor with high sensitive (89.8%). These patients also needed histopathology classification to diagnose and finally choose the best method for the appropriate treatment. Key words: bladder cancer, histopathology, ultrasound, uroepithelial carcinoma, hematuria

Prediction of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Response in Patients with Bladder Cancer after Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor by Using Genetic Variation Based on Genomic Studies

Purpose. We aimed to comprehensively review contemporary literature on genetic and epigenetic biomarkers associated with the prediction of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) response after the transurethral resection of a bladder tumor and to discuss the application of these biomarkers in precision cancer care for bladder cancer. Method. We performed a systematic review of published literatures in the databases PubMed and Embase by using the following key words: bladder cancer, BCG, gene, and methylation. Studies associated with cell lines, animal models, and muscle invasive bladder cancer were excluded. Results. The genetic variations associated with BCG response can be classified into three categories: germline variations, somatic variations, and epigenetic alterations. Genes related to BCG response were mainly involved in single-nucleotide polymorphisms, copy number variations, and gene methylations. Conclusions. Although these gene alterations are currently the most promising predictive markers of BCG response, most studies about bladder cancer DNA biomarkers are related to germline variations in candidate genes, and the results are not consistent. Only one study is related to somatic variation, and further evaluation in large-scale validation studies should be conducted to assess the potential clinical application of these findings. In addition, other biomarkers based on different “–omics” technologies should be considered in future studies.