Novel phase distributions for large electronically beam-scanning reflectarrays

In this paper, the hybrid combination of genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization (GAPSO) is used to optimize the phase distribution (PD) of beam-scanning reflectarray. The GAPSO takes advantage of both conventional algorithms and it could cover their weaknesses. Two novel PDs are proposed in this paper which constant phase elements (CPEs) and ordinary elements (OEs) are two basic kinds of elements used in them. The phases of CPEs are fixed and it is not changed during beam scanning and only OEs’ phase could be adjusted to scan the main beam. In this work GAPSO and two novel PDs are applied to array factor’s PD of a 30 × 30 reflectarray antenna to displace the main beam electronically in the vertical plane from − 40° to 40°. Also, in these two novel PDs, 28.8% of total elements are selected as CPEs. In the first one with only CPEs, the phase of OEs (71.2% of total elements) could adjust, but in the second novel PD with CPEs and phase symmetry plane 35.5% of the total elements’ phase could be changed to scan the beam. Optimization results show that the novel PD and hybrid algorithm have appropriate performance in the electronically beam scanning of reflectarrays.

Stability Indicating Method Development and Validation of Cenobamate in Bulk and Dosage form by Liquid Chromatography

A simple, Precise, Accurate method was developed for the estimation of Cenobamate by RP-HPLC technique. Chromatographic conditions used are stationary phase symmetry C18 (150 mm* 4.6 mm 5 µm), mobile phase Acetonitrile: 0.01NKH2PO4in the ratio of 55:45 and flow rate was maintained at 1.0ml/min, detection wave length was 272.0 nm; column temperature was set to 30oC. Retention time was found to be 2.908 min. System suitability parameters were studied by injecting the standard six times and results were well under the acceptance criteria. Linearity study was carried out between 25% to150 % levels, R2 value was found to be as 0.999.Precision was found to be 0.5 for repeatability and 0.8 for intermediate precision. LOD and LOQ are 0.01µg/ml and 0.03µg/ml respectively. By using above method assay of marketed formulation was carried out 100.32% was present. Degradation studies of Cenobamate were done, in all conditions purity threshold was more than purity angle and within the acceptable range.

Bioanalytical Method Development and Validation of Dapoxetine Hydrochloride in Human Plasma by RP-HPLC

A simple, accurate and rapid Bioanalytical reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC) method for determination of Dapoxetin hydrochloride in human plasma was validated as per ICH guideline. Dapoxetin hydrochloride is significantly superior in premature ejaculation and more active against serotonin transport inhibitor than any other drug in class. The total analysis was carried out on using stationary phase symmetry C1 (4.6mm X 250mm, 5µm) with Mobile Phase Acetonitrile: Buffer (60:40) pH adjusted to3.5 flow rate was 1.0 ml/min, injection volume of 10 ppm and detection wavelength was 293nm at ambient temperature with total run time of 10 minutes. Retention time of spiked plasma and dapoxetine hydrochloride were found to be 2.153 min and 4.442 min, r2 value were 0.995 and 0.999 and linearity range was 5ppm to 25ppm for both. The method was developed for accuracy, linearity, precision, recovery and stability in complies and stability in complies with CDER and ICH guideline.

Novel Phase Distributions for Large Beam- Scanning Reflectarrays

In this paper, the hybrid combination of genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization (GAPSO) is used to optimize the phase distribution (PD) of beam-scanning reflectarray. The GAPSO takes advantage of both conventional algorithms and it could cover their weaknesses. Two novels PDs are proposed in this paper. Constant phase elements (CPEs) and ordinary elements (OEs) are two basic kinds of elements used in these two novel PDs. The phases of CPEs are fixed and it is not changed during beam scanning and only OEs’ phase could be adjusted to scan the main beam. GAPSO and two novels PDs are applied to array factor PD of a 30*30 reflectarray antenna to displace the main beam electronically in the vertical plane from-40⁰ to 40⁰. In these two novel PDs, 28.8% of total elements are selected as CPEs. In the first one with only CPEs, the phase of OEs (71.2% of total elements) could adjust, but in the second novel PD with CPEs and phase symmetry plane 35.5% of the total elements’ phase could be changed to scan the beam. Optimization results show that the novel PD and hybrid algorithm have appropriate performance in the electronically beam scanning of reflectarrays.

Spire: A Cooperative, Phase-Symmetric Solution to Distributed Consensus

All existing solutions to distributed consensus are organised around a Paxos-like structure wherein processes contend for exclusive leadership in one phase, and then either use their dominant position to propose a value in the next phase or elect an alternate leader. This approach may be characterised as adversarial and phase-asymmetric, requiring distinct message schemas and process behaviours for each phase. In over three decades of research, no algorithm has diverged from this basic model, alluding to it perhaps being the only viable solution to consensus. This paper presents a new consensus algorithm named Spire, characterised by a phase-symmetric, cooperative structure. Processes do not contend for leadership; instead, they collude to iteratively establish a dominant value and may do so concurrently without conflicting. Each successive iteration is structured identically to the previous, employing the same messages and invoking the same behaviour. By these characteristics, Spire buckles the trend in protocol design, proving that at least two disjoint cardinal solutions to consensus exist. The resulting phase symmetry halves the number of distinct messages and behaviours, offering a clear intuition and an approachable foundation for learning consensus and building practical systems.

Spire: A Cooperative, Phase-Symmetric Solution to Distributed Consensus

All existing solutions to distributed consensus are organised around a Paxos-like structure wherein processes contend for exclusive leadership in one phase, and then either use their dominant position to propose a value in the next phase or elect an alternate leader. This approach may be characterised as adversarial and phase-asymmetric, requiring distinct message schemas and process behaviours for each phase. In over three decades of research, no algorithm has diverged from this basic model, alluding to it perhaps being the only viable solution to consensus. This paper presents a new consensus algorithm named Spire, characterised by a phase-symmetric, cooperative structure. Processes do not contend for leadership; instead, they collude to iteratively establish a dominant value and may do so concurrently without conflicting. Each successive iteration is structured identically to the previous, employing the same messages and invoking the same behaviour. By these characteristics, Spire buckles the trend in protocol design, proving that at least two disjoint cardinal solutions to consensus exist. The resulting phase symmetry halves the number of distinct messages and behaviours, offering a clear intuition and an approachable foundation for learning consensus and building practical systems.

Electromagnetic Radiation Under Phase Symmetry Breaking in Quantum Systems

According to classical mechanics, electron acceleration results in electromagnetic radiation while in quantum mechanics radiation is considered to be arising out of a transition of the charged particle from a higher to a lower energy state. A different narrative is presented in quantum field theory, which considers radiation as an outcome of the perturbation of zero point energy of quantum harmonic oscillator which results in a change in density of electrons in a given state. The theoretical disconnect in the phenomenological aspect of radiation in classical and quantum mechanics remains an unresolved theoretical challenge. As a charged particle changes its energy state, its wavefunction undergoes a spatial phase change, hence, we argue that the spatial phase symmetry breaking of the wavefunction is a critical aspect of radiation in quantum mechanics. This is also observed in Josephson junction, where a static voltage induces spatial phase symmetry breaking of current resulting in emission of electromagnetic waves. As temporal symmetry breaking of the magnetic vector potential generates classical radiation and a wave-function of a charged particle can always be associated with a specific magnetic vector potential; the concept of radiation under spatial phase symmetry breaking offers a novel perspective towards unifying the phenomenon of radiation in quantum mechanics and classical electromagnetism.

Spire: A Cooperative, Phase-Symmetric Solution to Distributed Consensus

All existing solutions to distributed consensus are organised around a Paxos-like structure wherein processes contend for exclusive leadership in one phase, and then either use their dominant position to propose a value in the next phase or elect an alternate leader. This approach may be characterised as adversarial and phase-asymmetric, requiring distinct message schemas and process behaviours for each phase. In over three decades of research, no algorithm has diverged from this basic model, alluding to it perhaps being the only viable solution to consensus. This paper presents a new consensus algorithm named Spire, characterised by a phase-symmetric, cooperative structure. Processes do not contend for leadership; instead, they collude to iteratively establish a dominant value and may do so concurrently without conflicting. Each successive iteration is structured identically to the previous, employing the same messages and invoking the same behaviour. By these characteristics, Spire buckles the trend in protocol design, proving that at least two disjoint cardinal solutions to consensus exist. The resulting phase symmetry halves the number of distinct messages and behaviours, offering a clear intuition and an approachable foundation for learning consensus and building practical systems.

Spire: A Cooperative, Phase-Symmetric Solution to Distributed Consensus

All existing solutions to distributed consensus are organised around a Paxos-like structure wherein processes contend for exclusive leadership in one phase, and then either use their dominant position to propose a value in the next phase or elect an alternate leader. This approach may be characterised as adversarial and phase-asymmetric, requiring distinct message schemas and process behaviours for each phase. In over three decades of research, no algorithm has diverged from this basic model, alluding to it perhaps being the only viable solution to consensus. This paper presents a new consensus algorithm named Spire, characterised by a phase-symmetric, cooperative structure. Processes do not contend for leadership; instead, they collude to iteratively establish a dominant value and may do so concurrently without conflicting. Each successive iteration is structured identically to the previous, employing the same messages and invoking the same behaviour. By these characteristics, Spire buckles the trend in protocol design, proving that at least two disjoint cardinal solutions to consensus exist. The resulting phase symmetry halves the number of distinct messages and behaviours, offering a clear intuition and an approachable foundation for learning consensus and building practical systems.