ANALISIS KITAB RUJUKAN HADIS YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM KITAB TA’LIM AL-MUTA’ALLIM OLEH SHAYKH AL-ZARNUJI

<p class="06IsiAbstrak">Kitab <em>Ta’lim al-Muta’alim</em> yang dikarang oleh shaykh al-Zarnuji merupakan kitab klasik yang berisikan adab atau etika belajar dan mengajar antara guru dengan murid. Kitab ini cukup terkenal di Nusantara khususnya Indonesia, karena ia banyak dipelejari bahkan dijadikan rujukan di pondok-pondok pesantren sama ada yang klasik mahupun moden hingga ke hari ini. Hadis-hadis yang terdapat dalam kitab ini dirujuk dari pelbagai kitab sumber hadis. Namun sumber rujukan bagi kitab <em>Ta’lim al-Muta’allim</em> belum diterokai secara sistematik. Justeru kajian ini menerokai serta menganalisis sumber rujukan yang terdapat dalam kitab tersebut. Metodologi kajian ini adalah kualitatif melalui kaedah kepustakaan dan reka bentuk analisis kandungan kitab <em>Ta’lim al-Muta’allim</em>. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan terhadap 40 hadis dan 108 riwayat, didapati 23 kitab yang diguna pakai oleh Shaykh al-Zarnuji dalam karyanya <em>Ta’lim al-Muta’allim</em> mulai dari kitab-kitab yang berisikan hadis-hadis <em>Sahih</em> sampailah kitab yang mengandungi hadis <em>Da’if</em> dan <em>Mawdu’</em>. Oleh itu, analisis tematik ini amat penting dilakukan agar dapat dikenal pasti kitab sumber hadis yang digunakan oleh Shaykh al-Zarnuji dalam karyanya <em>Ta’lim al-Muta’allim</em>.</p><p class="06IsiAbstrak">[<strong><span>Analysis of Hadith References Used in The Book <em>Ta'lim Al-Muta'allim</em> by Shaykh al-Zarnuji</span></strong><span>. The book of Ta'lim al-Muta'allim written by shaykh al-Zarnuji is a classic book which contains manners or ethics of learning and teaching between the teachers and students. This book is well-known in the archipelago, especially in Indonesia since it has been studied a lot and has even been used as a reference in Islamic boarding schools as well as classical and modern ones nowadays. The hadiths contained in this book are referred from various sources of hadith. However, the source of reference for the book of Ta'lim al-Muta'allim has not been recorded systematically. In fact, this study explores and analyzes the reference sources contained in the book. The methodology of this study is qualitative through literary principles and design forms of analysis of the content of the book Ta'lim al-Muta'allim. Based on the analysis carried out on 40 hadiths and 108 narrations, it was found that 23 books used by Shaykh al-Zarnuji in his Ta'lim al-Muta'allim started from books containing Sahih hadiths until the book containing the hadiths of Da ' if and Mawdu '. Therefore, this thematic analysis is very important to ensure that the source book of the hadiths used by Shaykh al-Zarnuji can be identified in his work Ta'lim al-Muta'allim.</span>]</p>

Island narratives in the making of Japan: The Kojiki in geocultural context

Shintō, the national religion of Japan, is grounded in the mythological narratives that are found in the 8th-Century chronicle, Kojiki 古事記 (712). Within this early source book of Japanese history, myth, and national origins, there are many accounts of islands (terrestrial and imaginary), which provide a foundation for comprehending the geographical cosmology (i.e., sacred space) of Japan’s territorial boundaries and the nearby region in the 8th Century, as well as the ritualistic significance of some of the country’s islands to this day. Within a complex geocultural genealogy of gods that links geography to mythology and the Japanese imperial line, land and life were created along with a number of small and large islands. Drawing on theoretical work and case studies that explore the geopolitics of border islands, this article offers a critical study of this ancient work of Japanese history with specific reference to islands and their significance in mapping Japan. Arguing that a characteristic of islandness in Japan has an inherent connection with Shintō religious myth, the article shows how mythological islanding permeates geographic, social, and cultural terrains. The discussion maps the island narratives found in the Kojiki within a framework that identifies and discusses toponymy, geography, and meaning in this island nation’s mythology.

PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURAL DARI PERSPEKTIF H.M. RASJIDI

This paper aims to study the concept of religious thought and tolerance according to Prof. H.M. Rasjidi which will be a fundamental discussion in the concept of multicultural education. The methodology in this research is a literature study of books by Prof. H.M. Rasjidi who has a discussion about the concepts of religion and tolerance. The primary source book in this study is "Empat Kuliah Agama Islam" and "Koreksi Terhadap Dr. Harun Nasution dalam Islam Ditinjau dari Berbagai Aspeknya". Prof. H.M. Rasjidi, provides clear boundaries in the theological aspects of how Muslims have the concept of being able to live with followers of other religions. Muslims can live well together in social and economic aspects, but not in blending religion or equating all religions. According to him, religious pluralism in multiculturalism concept in the sense of equating to all of religion is something that needs to be avoided. Paper ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengkaji pemikiran konsep Agama dan toleransi menurut Prof. H.M. Rasjidi yang akan merupakan pembahasan asasi dalam pendidikan multikultural. Metodologi dalam penelitian ini adalah studi pustaka dari buku-buku karya Prof. H.M. Rasjidi yang memiliki pembahasan mengenai konsep agama dan toleransi. Buku sumber primer dalam penelitian ini adalah buku “Empat Kuliah Agama Islam”; dan “Koreksi Terhadap Dr. Harun Nasution dalam Islam Ditinjau dari Berbagai Aspeknya”. Prof. H.M. Rasjidi, memberikan batas-batasan yang jelas dalam aspek teologis bagaimana umat Islam bisa hidup bersama penganut agama lain. Umat Islam dapat hidup besama dengan baik dalam aspek sosial dan ekonomi, namun tidak dalam pencapuradukan Agama atau menyamakan semua agama. Menurutnya, pluralisme agama pada konsep multikulturalisme yang dalam artian menyamakan adalah hal yang perlu dihindari.

CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de relatar as principais contribuições matemáticas desenvolvidas pelo matemático e astrônomo alemão Carl Friedrich Gauss. Para isso, foi realizada uma descrição biográfica de Gauss baseada no dicionário de biografias científicas (2007) e na obra A Source Book in Mathematics (1929). Em complementaridade, foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica nos trabalhos de Giovanni e Bonjorno (2001), Hamilton (1844), Roque (2012), Souza e Garcia (2016). Destarte, a pesquisa bibliográfica foi adotada como metodologia de pesquisa assumindo um caráter descritivo. A priori, foi descrito o contexto histórico que influenciou a formação das concepções filosóficas, políticas e religiosas de Gauss que, de certa maneira, refletiram no seu padrão heurístico de pesquisador. O matemático vivenciou um período histórico marcado por movimentos revolucionários emergentes da Revolução Francesa, da Era Napoleônica e das revoluções democráticas na Alemanha. Todavia, ele manteve o conservadorismo observado, principalmente, em suas práticas de pesquisa, tal que não gostava de expor seus pensamentos e resultados obtidos que contrariavam a Matemática que, até então, era considerada como verdade absoluta, como é o caso da Geometria não-euclidiana. Posteriormente, foram relatadas as principais pesquisas matemáticas que Gauss desenvolveu relacionadas a cálculos de distâncias planetárias, à discussão algébrica do Teorema Binomial com expoentes racionais, da Média Aritmético-Geométrica, Teoria dos Números, Probabilidade e Teoria dos Erros. Foi destacado, também, a sua dedicação às investigações geodésicas referentes à triangulação de Hanôver, o que teve muita relevância para o desenvolvimento da ciência matemática. E, ficou reservada uma seção para abordar a Matemática Abstrata no que diz respeito à complexificação do conceito de número, onde foi apresentada a noção de números imaginários e negativos e sua compreensão como uma relação de quantidade. Nesse sentido, foram apresentados os conceitos de números complexos e hipercomplexos. Este último demarca os estudos de Gauss sobre a Álgebra não-comutativa através de seus cálculos quaterniônicos. Por fim, pode-se concluir que a História da Matemática pode ser escrita sob diferentes perspectivas teóricas geradas a partir dos diversos contextos históricos (épocas e culturas) designando, assim, a História da Matemática como inacabada. Nesse viés, conjectura-se que este trabalho sirva de fundamentação epistemológica para o desenvolvimento de uma historiografia em que evidencia o contexto de aplicabilidade matemática na ciência, como por exemplo, a algebrização de conceitos físicos. Ademais, espera-se oportunizar ao leitor o entendimento de que as ideologias políticas e filosóficas podem influenciar na formação do perfil de um pesquisador, assim como as diferentes concepções dos conceitos matemáticos podem contribuir para elaboração de outras matemáticas, como a Geometria não-euclidiana e Álgebra não-comutativa. Essas diferentes perspectivas são fundamentais para a constituição da Matemática Pura e Aplicada como um corpo teórico que proporciona o desenvolvimento de outras áreas da ciência, além de ter implicações significativas nas vivências sociais.

Identification of Worm In Digestive Tract of Consumed Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) In Ujung Pangkah, Gresik

Ujung Pangkah, Gresik was became the most habitat of fowls such as Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis). The aim of this research were to find out the type of worm that infected digestive tract of Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) in Ujung Pangkah, Gresik. The examination of worm in digestive tract was done by dissection and fecal examination. The identification based on morphological of the eggs and worms. The samples of digestive tract organ collected from restaurant that preserve Cattle egret as a main menu. Whereas the fecal sample collected by swab from the intestine. Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) has positive infection by worm parasite if there were worm or egg inside the digestive tract. Fecal samples were examined by native, sedimentation, coconut-sugar floating method and EPG counting with Lucient Brumpt. And the worm morphology from dissection of digestive tract would be identify with source book, journal, and discussed with supervisor. The result showed that 20 of digestive tract dissection and 20 fecal samples, there were three types of worm, Contracaecum sp., Cosmocephalus sp., Capillaria sp. and egg of Contracaecum sp. with 200 EPG