GIS and Archaeology

Geographic (sometimes geographical or spatial) information systems (GIS) refer to hardware, software, and practices relating to the collection, management, and analysis of geospatial data. A large body of literature exists regarding archaeological GIS due to the discipline’s relatively early adoption in the 1980s. Archaeological uses of GIS relate to interests regarding the interdependence among geographic space, human culture, and various natural phenomena. GIS provides new forms of analyses that are either too difficult or even impossible without the aid of computers. Archaeologists’ interest in theoretical topics associated with interpretation and methodology continues to animate considerable discussion bringing archaeological GIS closer to GIScience, which moves beyond technical instruction to engage deeper conceptual aspects. Many of these aspects relate to particularly sections in this article. Early archaeological GIS interests focus on topics such as inventory, mapping inter- and intra-site distributions, and the prediction of new site locations. Today, archaeological GIS continues to explore these and emerging topics, such as the use of GIS to manage and interpret remotely sensed, visualization, and information science. The application of GIS remains one of the fastest growing areas of disciplinary specialization for archaeology and is central to cultural resources management work around the world. This bibliography groups archaeological GIS on the basis of use. This includes categories such as inventory, geospatial analyses, data visualization (e.g., mapmaking), and so forth. Some sections include subsections, as in the case of geospatial analysis where the literature continues to rapidly expand. Sources are placed into the most relevant section based on focus or best fit in relation to the overall literature on archaeological GIS.

Shallow Offshore Geophysical Prospection of Archaeological Sites in Eastern Mediterranean

Geophysical prospecting methods have been extensively used to outline buried antiquities in terrestrial sites. Despite the frequent application of these mapping and imaging approaches for the detection of archaeological relics in deep-water marine environments (e.g., shipwrecks), the aforementioned processes have minimal contribution when it comes to understanding the dynamics of the past in coastal and shallow aquatic archaeological sites. This work explores the possibilities of multicomponent geophysical techniques in revealing antiquities that have been submerged in diverse shallow coastal marine environments in the eastern Mediterranean. A group of four sites in Greece (Agioi Theodoroi, Olous, Lambayanna) and Cyprus (Pafos) spanning from prehistory to Roman times were chosen as test sites to validate the efficiency of electrical resistivity tomography, magnetic gradiometry, and ground penetrating radar methods. The comprehensive analysis of the geophysical data completed the picture for the hidden archeological elements in all the sites. The results manifest the significance and the potential of these methods for documenting and understanding the complex archaeological sites encountered in the Mediterranean. In view of climate change and the risks related to future sea level rise and erosion of low-level coastal areas, the results of this work could be integrated in a strategic framework to develop an effective interdisciplinary research model that can be applied to similar shallow water archaeological surveys, thus substantially contributing towards cultural resources management.

Fort McCoy, Wisconsin Building 550 maintenance plan

Building 550 (former World War II fire station) is located on Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, and was recommended eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 2018 (Smith and Adams 2018). The building is currently vacant. It is an intact example of an 800 Series World War II fire station with character-defining features of its period of significance from 1939 to 1946 on its exterior and interior. All buildings, especially historic ones, require regular planned maintenance and repair. The most notable cause of historic building element failure and/or decay is not the fact that the historic building is old, but rather it is caused by incorrect or inappropriate repair and/or basic neglect of the historic building fabric. This document is a maintenance manual compiled with as-is conditions of construction materials of Building 550. The Secretary of Interior Guidelines on rehabilitation and repair per material are discussed to provide the cultural resources manager at Fort McCoy a guide to maintain this historic building. This report satisfies Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966 as amended and will help the Fort McCoy Cultural Resources Management office to manage this historic building.

The Golden Bough at Bretton Woods

This chapter reconsiders the now muted and distanced relationship between anthropologists and the U.S. state since the Bretton Woods Conference. Frazier's Golden Bough helps to understand the ambitious stances of post-war and post-Cold-War American foreign policymakers. The British (and other enfeebled European) empire(s) was no less on the American hit list than were outright communist entities. Social scientists up the Vietnam era at least, were often willing fellow travellers in this home-grown capitalist internationale. Clearly there is a noteworthy difference that needs to be worked out between anthropologists working in the area of Cultural Resources Management for the Department of Interior and those that signed up with Human Terrain Systems teams hunting opponents abroad. The chapter urges that the relationship between government and discipline be institutionally defined through anthropologists' professional bodies, so as to protect both subjects and practitioners from ethical conflicts with the government agencies they interact with. However, the unintended consequences of engaging with American power risks destruction of the discipline’s objective values as a science.

Legal Pluralism and the Protection and Management of Cultural Landscapes in Nigeria

The protection and management of cultural heritage are central issues of discourse in cultural resources management today. Cultural landscapes constitute part of non-renewable resources that are finite and therefore need to be protected. All over the world especially, in Nigeria, archaeological sites and resources are neglected and to a large extent destroyed due to the inability of the public, stakeholders, educationists, and developers to appreciate the enormous contributions of cultural landscapes to national development. The laws that have been put in place for the protection and management of cultural landscapes, particularly those that prevent them from being destroyed by construction companies and other development projects, are not fully implemented. This paper intends to draw the attention of relevant Nigerian authorities to the applicable laws and the need to enforce them. This will ensure that development does not result in the unmitigated destruction of archaeological sites and cultural heritage.

Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Arkeologi Situs Kotacina

Cultural Resources Management in Kotacina site must be build to recovery and defend it from lost. Three stakeholders were found in their management of site. They must cooporate their works and duties for built fine Cultural Resources Management.