Notes on Some Russian Wordsand Their Indo-European Relations

1. Etymology of озóрный, озорнóй ‘mischievous, misbehaving'; 2. Variants of мнить ‘to think, imagine' 1. The root element -зор- extracted from the demorphologized (decomposed) verb ра-зор-ить is probably borrowed from Ossetic (Digor) zol ‘skew, oblique' > ‘false, unjust, unfair' after it underwent rhoticism. The proposed hypothesis helps to etymologize the above verb rejecting previous attempts making use of Proto-Slavic preverb *orz combined with the verb *oriti ‘to destroy'. 2. Russian verbs мнить and млеть [if refl ecting Indo-European *m(V)R-] are related assuming the alternation мн- /мл-. Both verbs belong to the semantic fi eld of thinking, imagining and, specifi cally, of praying.

Estados Nacionales Y Víctimas Sacrificiales: Consideraciones Sobre El Genocidio Maya-Ixil En Guatemala

"Tierra Arrasada" (Scorched Earth) was a military program applied in Guatemala by former President José Efraín Ríos Montt, against Mayan communities accused of collaborating with the guerrilla force, and had the aggravating elements of a genocidal campaign. The guiding question of this essay is: “What is the reason for the genocides against ancestral peoples?”, and has the following starting hypothesis: the modern nation states, as "imagined communities", contain an inherent “bio-racial” component which gives sense and structure to the power instrumentation. Racism is recognized as a root element in Guatemalan history and, together with socioeconomic and political factors, has led to the genocide of Ixil people. Following René Girard, this paper proposes that Ixils were "sacrificial victims" in the contest for power between the Guatemalan State and the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres (EGP) in order to sustain the hegemonic power with low political and military costs. Methodologically it is the results of field studies among communities of former Guatemalan refugees in Quintana Roo, Mexico, as well as historical and discourse analysis. The aim of this paper is to present the semantic potential of a theory of mimetics for the study of genocides in modern states.

Prosody, phonological domains and the structure of roots, stems and words in the Munda languages in a comparative/historical light

Munda languages reveal competing word-level vs. phrase-level domains with respect to prosody, with weak-strong vs. strong-weak patterns, respectively. The prosodically strong syllable at the word-level is a root element that reflects cognacy across the family, while the word-frames they are embedded in frequently do not. Such a pattern of cognate roots and non-cognate word-frames is attested across the Austroasiatic phylum. The types of word-frames that such roots are embedded in reflect traces of a once-active system of semantically transparent prefixation or noun class marking, in addition to now mainly frozen systems of noun-verb stem compounding or noun incorporation. Word-level prosody in Munda is archaic, while phrase-level prosodic features are secondary and reflect local South Asian norms.

The Rotor-Router Group of Directed Covers of Graphs

A rotor-router walk is a deterministic version of a random walk, in which the walker is routed to each of the neighbouring vertices in some fixed cyclic order. We consider here directed covers of graphs (called also periodic trees) and we study several quantities related to rotor-router walks on directed covers. The quantities under consideration are: order of the rotor-router group, order of the root element in the rotor-router group and the connection with random walks.

ON EFIK PREFIXING MORPHOLOGY

Prefixation is a grammatical devise that involves the attachment of a bound morpheme to the left of a root element or stem. It functions to signal certain grammatical relationships involving categories like tense, negation, person, number, and aspect. It can also trigger off the creation of new words from existing ones. The focus of this paper is to analyse the forms and structure of Efik prefixes in relation to the different phonological and morphosyntactic operations they can signal in the language. The paper also examines the various word formation strategies involving prefixation in the language. The basic assumption, however, is that the structure of Efik prefixes vary according to agreement, and is determined by the principle of vowel harmony. The study discovers that Efik prefixes have systematic and rule-governed structures and that certain conditions, such as the phonology of the stem, the stem’s lexical category and the semantic value of prefixes stipulate their position. We wish to interpret the following abbreviations in order to facilitate our analyses: Adv(erb), Asp(ect), Aux(illiary), Conj(unction), Fut(ure tense), Mod(ality), Neg(ation), N(oun), NP (Noun Phrase), Pres(ent tense), PT(Past tense), Pro(noun), Pfx (Prefix) SC (Subject Concord), Spec(ifier), Tn (tense) and V(erb).

TRANSLATING RELATIONAL SCHEMA WITH CONSTRAINTS INTO XML SCHEMA

With XML adopted as the technology trend on the Internet, and with investment in the current relational database systems, companies must convert their relational data into XML documents for data transmission on the Internet. In the process, to preserve the users' relational data requirements of data constraints into the converted XML documents, we must define a meaningful root element for each XML document. The construction of an XML document is based on the root element and its relevant elements. The root element can be selected from a relational entity table in the existing relational database, which depends on the requirements to present the business behind. The relevant elements are mapped from the related entities, based on the navigability of the chosen entity. The derived root and relevant elements can form a Data Type Definition Graph (DTD-graph) of an XML conceptual schema diagram which can be mapped into a Data Type Definition (DTD) of an XML schema. The result is a translated XML schema with semantic constraints transferred from a relational conceptual schema of an Extended Entity Relationship (EER) model. The data conversion from relational data to the XML documents can be done after the schema translation. The relational data are loaded into XML documents according to the translated DTD.