1H-NMR Metabolomics as a Tool for Winemaking Monitoring

The chemical composition of wine is known to be influenced by multiple factors including some viticulture practices and winemaking processes. 1H-NMR metabolomics has been successfully applied to the study of wine authenticity. In the present study, 1H-NMR metabolomics in combination with multivariate analysis was applied to investigate the effects of grape maturity and enzyme and fining treatments on Cabernet Sauvignon wines. A total of forty wine metabolites were quantified. Three different stages of maturity were studied (under-maturity, maturity and over-maturity). Enzyme treatments were carried out using two pectolytic enzymes (E1 and E2). Finally, two proteinaceous fining treatments were compared (vegetable protein, fining F1; pea protein and PVPP, fining F2). The results show a clear difference between the three stages of maturity, with an impact on different classes of metabolites including amino acids, organic acids, sugars, phenolic compounds, alcohols and esters. A clear separation between enzymes E1 and E2 was observed. Both fining agents had a significant effect on metabolite concentrations. The results demonstrate that 1H-NMR metabolomics provides a fast and robust approach to study the effect of winemaking processes on wine metabolites. These results support the interest to pursue the development of 1H-NMR metabolomics to investigate the effects of winemaking on wine quality.

Lipid Risk Factors of Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women with Statins based on NMR Metabolomics

Background The role of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics in the prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) in postmenopausal women is unclear.Objective To explore the NMR measured risk factors of CHD and the correlation among Gensini score, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9) and NMR metabolomics.Method 300 postmenopausal women who were under moderate intensity statins were enrolled and assigned into CHD Group (242) and non-CAHD Group (58). Multivariate Logistic regression and Spearman correlation analysis were conducted for the risk factors of CHD and the relationship among Gensini score, PCSK9 and NMR results in all patients as well as the patients with CHD, diabetes mellitus (DM) and metabolic syndrome (MS). ResultsAge, the particle of LDL-6, LDL-6- triglyceride (TG) and LDL-6-free cholesterol (FC) were risk factors of CHD, while, glycerol were the protective factors of CHD. Lipoprotein contents of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-2 ~ VLDL-5, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-1 and LDL-2 were positively related to Gensini score, while the lipoprotein contents, apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) and ApoA2 of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-1 ~ HDL-4 showed negative correlations with Gensini score. PCSK9 was negatively correlated to the particles of VLDL, IDL and LDL, total cholesterol (TC), ApoB/A1, and nearly all the lipid contents in VLDL-3 ~ VLDL-5, IDL and LDL-1.ConclusionIn postmenopausal women, under moderate intensity statins, age, and the NMR measured particle of LDL-6, LDL-6-TG and LDL-6-FC were risk factors of CHD, while glycerol were the protective factors of CHD. Lipoprotein contents of VLDL-2 ~ VLDL-5, IDL, LDL-1 and LDL-2 maybe the residual risk factors of CHD in postmenopausal women, who is under moderate intensive statin.