Ocean dynamic equations with the real gravity

Two different treatments in ocean dynamics are found between the gravity and pressure gradient force. Vertical component is 5–6 orders of magnitude larger than horizontal components for the pressure gradient force in large-scale motion, and for the gravity in any scale motion. The horizontal pressure gradient force is considered as a dominant force in oceanic motion from planetary to small scales. However, the horizontal gravity is omitted in oceanography completely. A non-dimensional C number (ratio between the horizontal gravity and the Coriolis force) is used to identify the importance of horizontal gravity in the ocean dynamics. Unexpectedly large C number with the global mean around 24 is obtained using the community datasets of the marine geoid height and ocean surface currents. New large-scale ocean dynamic equations with the real gravity are presented such as hydrostatic balance, geostrophic equilibrium, thermal wind, equipotential coordinate system, and vorticity equation.

Speculations Behind the Disappearance of Flight MH370

Several theories and conspiracies have flooded the media regarding the vanishing of Malaysia Airline 370 (MH370) in the Indian Ocean on March 8, 2018. This chapter aims at reviewing these theories to investigate the vanishing of MH370. Futhermore, this chapter also discloses doubts about tracking MH370 as approximately the signal information concerning BTO and BFO is non-existent. This chapter concludes with some theories such as aliens and the Bermuda Triangle that are not scientifically grounded. This chapter suggests a serious concern about the development of ocean dynamic studies as the keystone to investigating the vanishing of MH370 in such an extremely dynamic ocean as the Indian Ocean.

Fundamentals of Altimeter Microwave Satellite Data

Large-scale oceans such as the Indian Ocean require a specific sensor to cover such a huge area. In the case of MH370 searching, ocean dynamic parameters over this extremely huge ocean are required to understand the trajectory movement of MH370 debris. The best sensor could assist is the altimeter satellite data. In fact, this data can deliver several ocean dynamic parameters such as wave height, Rosby wave pattern, sea level variability, and ocean surface current. This chapter aims at delivering a fundamental review of the altimeter satellite data. This chapter shows that there are two main components of radar altimeters: (1) frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) and (2) pulse altimeters, which are a function of used radar signals. Two sorts of FMCW altimeters are mainly implemented: broad-beamwidth types and narrow-beamwidth. Moreover, the chapter has listed the variety of altimeter satellite data.