Visual and Semantic Representations Predict Subsequent Memory in Perceptual and Conceptual Memory Tests

It is generally assumed that the encoding of a single event generates multiple memory representations, which contribute differently to subsequent episodic memory. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and representational similarity analysis to examine how visual and semantic representations predicted subsequent memory for single item encoding (e.g., seeing an orange). Three levels of visual representations corresponding to early, middle, and late visual processing stages were based on a deep neural network. Three levels of semantic representations were based on normative observed (“is round”), taxonomic (“is a fruit”), and encyclopedic features (“is sweet”). We identified brain regions where each representation type predicted later perceptual memory, conceptual memory, or both (general memory). Participants encoded objects during fMRI, and then completed both a word-based conceptual and picture-based perceptual memory test. Visual representations predicted subsequent perceptual memory in visual cortices, but also facilitated conceptual and general memory in more anterior regions. Semantic representations, in turn, predicted perceptual memory in visual cortex, conceptual memory in the perirhinal and inferior prefrontal cortex, and general memory in the angular gyrus. These results suggest that the contribution of visual and semantic representations to subsequent memory effects depends on a complex interaction between representation, test type, and storage location.

Differences in perceptual memory influence generalization patterns

Although memory of past experiences is crucial for the ability to transfer knowledge to new situations, surprisingly little research has directly investigated the relationship between memory and generalization. The present study sought to investigate how the perceptual memory of a trained stimulus influences generalization to similar stimuli. Forty participants underwent a fear conditioning procedure on Day 1, and separate memory recall and generalization tests on Day 2. We focused on two aspects of perceptual memory: namely memory bias (i.e., over- or underestimating stimulus features) and uncertainty. We found that memory bias influenced the pattern of generalized self-reported (expectancy ratings) and psychophysiological responses (fear-potentiated startle responses). Memory uncertainty was measured in two ways: self-reported uncertainty ratings and variability in stimulus recall. We demonstrated that higher levels of self-reported memory uncertainty led to a broadening of the US expectancy generalization gradient, whereas an effect of variability in memory recall on generalization was only found for fear-potentiated startle responses. Taken together, our findings suggest that memory is an important determinant of generalized behavior and illustrate the need to account for these interindividual differences in perceptual memory when examining the generalization of learned responses.

Visual and semantic representations predict subsequent memory in perceptual and conceptual memory tests

It is generally assumed that the encoding of a single event generates multiple memory representations, which contribute differently to subsequent episodic memory. We used fMRI and representational similarity analysis (RSA) to examine how visual and semantic representations predicted subsequent memory for single item encoding (e.g., seeing an orange). Three levels of visual representations corresponding to early, middle, and late visual processing stages were based on a deep neural network. Three levels of semantic representations were based on normative Observed (“is round”), Taxonomic (“is a fruit”), and Encyclopedic features (“is sweet”). We identified brain regions where each representation type predicted later Perceptual Memory, Conceptual Memory, or both (General Memory). Participants encoded objects during fMRI, and then completed both a word-based conceptual and picture-based perceptual memory test. Visual representations predicted subsequent Perceptual Memory in visual cortices, but also facilitated Conceptual and General Memory in more anterior regions. Semantic representations, in turn, predicted Perceptual Memory in visual cortex, Conceptual Memory in the perirhinal and inferior prefrontal cortex, and General Memory in the angular gyrus. These results suggest that the contribution of visual and semantic representations to subsequent memory effects depends on a complex interaction between representation, test type, and storage location.

LA CLASSE INVERSÉE A L’ISSAE-CNAM DE L’UNIVERSITÉ LIBANAISE : ENTRE ACTION, RÉFLEXION ET MÉMORISATION

THE FLIPPED CLASSROOM AT ISSAE-CNAM OF THE LEBANESE UNIVERSITY: BETWEEN ACTION, REFLECTION AND MEMORIZATION This article aims to report on an experiment of the flipped classroom in language learning at the ISSAE-Cnam of the Lebanese University. It was to realize three macro-tasks: a capsule, an HTML page, a presentation via Google Slides, by following three steps: the discovery phase (distance-learning), the analysis and deepening phase (face-to-face and as a group) and the production, evaluation and readjustment phase (face-to-face and distance-learning individually and in groups).The results are conclusive: the students are involved in the project. They became aware of how they learned and carried out tasks in a spirit of sharing and collaboration. These observations, however, do not prevent us from deducing that the flipped classroom is a double-edged sword: it can motivate young people curious about novelties, addicted to new technologies, but it can also be a source of trouble if it is poorly prepared. and misused. Indeed, the investment in energy and time from the protagonists is hardly neglected. Therefore, the conventional class can not be substituted by the flipped classroom, it is the right balance between these two approaches that will make all the difference. Keywords: flipped classroom, experimentation, collaboration, autonomy, memorization, perceptual memory