A method for simultaneously monitoring phloem and xylem reconnections in grafted watermelon seedlings

Grafting is an effective way to increase watermelon tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the survival of grafted seedlings largely depends on successful graft formation. Therefore, understanding the graft formation process, particularly the vascular reconnection process is of critical importance. This study found that lignin in watermelon stem shows strong auto-fluorescence under blue-light excitation which makes blue-light excited fluorescent tracers (FTs) such as 5(6)-carboxy fluorescein diacetate (CFDA) become unsuitable for assaying vascular connectivity in watermelon. In contrast, UV-light excited esculin and red-light excited acid fuchsin were proved to be efficient FTs for monitoring the phloem and xylem connectivity, respectively, in self-grafted watermelon. Furthermore, a combined application of esculin to the scion cotyledon and acid fuchsin to the rootstock root enabled simultaneous monitoring of the phloem and xylem connectivity in individual self-grafted watermelon seedlings. In addition, this method is also applicable in investigating the phloem and xylem reconnections in self-grafted melon and cucumber, and heterograft of watermelon, melon and cucumber onto pumpkin rootstock. Based on this established method, we found that phloem and xylem reconnections are not timely separated in self-grafted watermelon. Furthermore, low temperature and removal of the rootstock cotyledons both delayed the vascular reconnection process in watermelon. In conclusion, this new method provides a convenient, accurate and rapid way to analyze the vascular connectivity not only in watermelon, but also in other cucurbit crops.

Current sheet structure close to a reconnection point observed by MMS

<p>The typical picture of magnetic reconnection in the magnetosphere includes a classic Harris-type current sheet, where the current density is maximum at the magnetic equator (Bx=0). However, observations have shown that the magnetotail current sheet structure is much more complicated than this simple view. Therefore, revealing the structure of the current sheet is of importance to understand the reconnection process. Based on the four-point MMS high-resolution data, we present observations of a multiple reconnection event for which we study the structure of the current sheet as well as some of its characteristic scales. We show that the CS structure is highly dynamic during the reconnection process, changing from a bifurcated shape away from the reconnection site, to a more symmetric (Harris-type) structure near the X-line.</p>

Particle-In-Cell simulations of magnetic reconnection in the presence of a cold shear flow

<p>Our group has done extensive research on the fluid and kinetic effect of cold ion populations on the reconnection process, in an effort to identify factors that can lead to the onset or stopping of magnetic reconnection. Recent fully kinetic studies involving cold protons or oxygen have shown that flows of cold particles significantly modify the reconnection process, and that the nature of this modification is dependent on the configuration of these flows and the constituent ions of the flows. In this study we want to investigate how the reconnection process is affected by a shear flow of cold protons outside of the current sheet, using a 2.5D Particle-In-Cell simulation. The effect of shear flows on magnetic reconnection has investigated earlier, indicating a signifficant modification of the reconnection process. However, it is not clear how these effects will be influenced by the additional scale lengths introduced into the system by a cold ion flow. In particular we want to investigate how the current sheet and diffusion regions are altered by a cold shear flow on a kinetic level, and how the reconnection process is altered on ion scales and beyond. Preliminary results indicate that the shear flow introduces a tilt of the current sheet, which appears to be consistent with earlier studies. Results will be compared to our group’s earlier results involving symmetric and asymmetric flows of cold particles in the inflow regions, as well as existing simulations and observations of magnetic reconnection including warm shear flows.</p>

Domino lignin depolymerization and reconnection to complex molecules mediated by boryl radicals

Lignin has been demonstrated as a source of complex molecules via a boryl-mediated domino degradation/reconnection process.

Towards a finite-time singularity of the Navier–Stokes equations. Part 2. Vortex reconnection and singularity evasion

In Part 1 of this work, we have derived a dynamical system describing the approach to a finite-time singularity of the Navier–Stokes equations. We now supplement this system with an equation describing the process of vortex reconnection at the apex of a pyramid, neglecting core deformation during the reconnection process. On this basis, we compute the maximum vorticity $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{max}$ as a function of vortex Reynolds number $R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}}$ in the range $2000\leqslant R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}}\leqslant 3400$, and deduce a compatible behaviour $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{max}\sim \unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{0}\exp [1+220(\log [R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}}/2000])^{2}]$ as $R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}}\rightarrow \infty$. This may be described as a physical (although not strictly mathematical) singularity, for all $R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}}\gtrsim 4000$.

Numerical study of the reconnection process between magnetic cloud and heliospheric current sheet

In this paper, we have used a three-dimensional numerical magnetohydrodynamics model to study the reconnection process between magnetic cloud and heliospheric current sheet. Within a steady-state heliospheric model that gives a reasonable large-scale structure of the solar wind near solar minimum, we injected a spherical plasmoid to mimic a magnetic cloud. When the magnetic cloud moves to the heliospheric current sheet, the dynamic process causes the current sheet to become gradually thinner and the magnetic reconnection begin. The numerical simulation can reproduce the basic characteristics of the magnetic reconnection, such as the correlated/anticorrelated signatures in V and B passing a reconnection exhaust. Depending on the initial magnetic helicity of the cloud, magnetic reconnection occurs at points along the boundary of the two systems where antiparallel field lines are forced together. We find the magnetic filed and velocity in the MC have a effect on the reconnection rate, and the magnitude of velocity can also effect the beginning time of reconnection. These results are helpful in understanding and identifying the dynamic process occurring between the magnetic cloud and the heliospheric current sheet.

CCMC Modeling of Magnetic Reconnection in Electron Diffusion Region Events

We use numerical simulations from the Community Coordinated Modeling Center to provide, for the first time, a coherent temporal description of the magnetic reconnection process of two dayside Electron Diffusion Regions (EDRs) identified in Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission data. The model places the MMS spacecraft near the separator line in these most intense and long-lived events. A listing of 31 dayside EDRs identified by the authors is provided to encourage collaboration in analysis of these unique encounters.

Coronal quasi-periodic fast-propagating magnetosonic waves observed by SDO/AIA

Coronal quasi-periodic fast-propagating (QFP) magnetosonic waves are scare in previous studies due to the relative low temporal and spatial resolution of past telescopes. Recently, they are detected by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Here, two cases of QFP waves are presented. The analysis results indicate that QFP waves are tightly associated with the associated flares. It is indicate that QFP waves and the associated flares are possibly driven by the same physic process such as quasi-periodic magnetic reconnection process in producing flares.