Children use artifacts to infer others' shared interests

Artifacts – the objects we own, make, and choose – provide a source of rich social information. Adults use people’s artifacts to judge others’ traits, interests, and social affiliations. Here we show that 4-year-old children (N=32) infer others’ shared interests from their artifacts. When asked who had the same interests as a target character, children chose the character with a conceptually similar object to the target’s – an object used for the same activity – over a character with a perceptually similar object. When asked which person had the same arbitrary property (bedtime, birthday, or middle name), children did not systematically select either character, and most often reported that they did not know. Adults (N=32) made similar inferences, but differed in their tendency to use artifacts to infer friendships. Overall, by age 4, children show a sophisticated ability to make selective, warranted inferences about others’ interests based solely on their artifacts.

The Realization of Direct and Indirect Representative Act by the Panelists of 2019 Atlantic Education Summit

This study aims to analyze the realization of direct and indirect representative act by the panelists of 2019 Atlantic Education Summit. This study is designed as spoken discourse study with qualitative approach. The speech act analysis to discourse by Schiffrin (1994) was employed to analyze how utterances are understood and interpreted based on a certain context. The findings are as follows. In terms of frequency, there were 994 direct representative acts and eight indirect representative acts. The high number of direct representative act is related to the effectiveness and efficiency of communication between the panelists and the audiences. In terms of realization, direct representative act is versatile. It means that direct representative act was realized by the panelists to serve so many different purposes of communication, for example assertion, statement, claim, etc. On the contrary, there are several strategies that were employed to realize representative act indirectly. They are associating the certain word with similar object, using words which have non-literal meaning, and using an indirect strategy. In addition, lack of familiarity and the formality of the context are the sources that affect the realization of indirect representative act. Keywords: Representative act, direct, indirect, panelists

CORRECTION COEFFICIENTS WHEN APPLYING A COMPARATIVE APPROACH IN A JUDICIAL IN A JUDICIAL COMMODITY EXAMINATION

We considered the question of the possibility of using generalized correction coefficients of the value of the object understudy in the application of the comparative approach in the judicial commodity-making expertise. Proposed variants of corrective coefficients for simplification and acceleration of the work of forensic experts of commodity scientists, summarized and are shown in the general table. The factors are considered: – adjustments to trading, the necessity of application of which arises in the absence of reliable information about the selling prices of such property; – adjustment to the location of such property, the necessity of which applies when analyzing the current conditions for the selection of a similar object of valuation of similar property that is located and put up for sale in a region other than that in which the offense was committed. The adjustment to the appearance (condition of the goods), which is conditioned by the conditions for the selection of analogs, namely, the search for prices for such property first attention to the brand, model, and technical characteristics of research objects, and only then on the appearance of a selected analog; – adjustment for completeness, this amendment is always relevant in determining the value of research objects primarily related to criminal offenses, because not always the object of research and the object selected as such property coincide in its completeness. The question which is often raised by the court experts in their daily work in determining the value of the objects under study is proved, that this issue needs more detailed consideration and the need for scientific substantiation and systematization with the compilation of corresponding tables with generalized coefficients. The importance of solving the problem of the possibility of using generalized correction coefficients to determine the value of the investigated objects in the application of the comparative approach in the judicial commodity-making examination is substantiated. Keywords: corrective coefficients, the market value of the property, judicial commodity examination.