On Emergence of Institute of Commissioners of Council for Religious Cults under the Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR in 1944–1945

The article deals with Muslim religious fi gures (imams, seyids, abyzs, muezzins, mullahs) of the Tatar Sloboda of Moscow, located in the Zamoskvorechye district, of the 17th-18th centuries. Many names and details of the life of religious fi gures are for the fi rst time described by means of use of documents of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts and the Central Historical Archive of Moscow. The Council for Religious Aff airs under the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR, created in May and June 1944, faced a number of problems from the very beginning of its work. One of them was the creation of new posts in the regions those authorized by this Council. Some of the leaders of the regions of the USSR believed that such positions were not necessary. In many respects, this attitude resulted in diffi culties in the work of the authorized representatives of this Council: delays in the allocation of specially equipped offi ces, sending on long business trips not related to the performance of duties, failure to comply with the decisions of the state leadership on the payment of salaries to the authorized representatives, which should have corresponded to their position. Despite the measures taken from the fi rst days by the leadership of the Council, relying on the leadership of the USSR, many of the problems associated with the commissioners, primarily with the staffi ng of their staff , both in quality and quantity, in the 1940s became chronic and did not were resolved during these years. In many ways, a signifi cant part of the diffi culties in the work of the commissioners arose from ignorance and failure to comply with a set of offi cial documents, including service letters and instructions. Analysis of various aspects of the activities of the authorized representatives of the Council for Religious Aff airs is not only purely theoretical, but also of great practical importance for the authorities at all levels, which interact with religious organizations in their daily work.

The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Video Game Consumption in Turkey

Different precautions such as quarantine, social distance, and hygiene applications have been taken around the world to prevent the spreading of the virus during the COVID-19 pandemic. While these precautions brought many sectors to a halt, digital-based platforms have been used more actively. The pandemic changed daily work, leisure, education, and the time spent with families and how people distribute their time on these items. The interest toward digital games increased as the result of COVID-19 quarantine. As people spent more time at home, they tended to play games to socialize. This study aims to evaluate the changes and tendencies in the consumption of video games during the pandemic period in Turkey. Accordingly, the consumption of online video games in 2020 was analyzed through comparing with 2019. As a result, it was detected that more time and money was spent during the pandemic period on the digital game sector which was also important before.

Examining the Attitudes of Non-Psychiatric Practicing Healthcare Workers Towards Patients With Alcohol Problems in General Hospital Setting

Background and objectives: Problematic alcohol-use affect the physical and mental well-being of hospitalised individuals and may receive screening and brief-intervention during treatment. Non-psychiatric doctors and nurses might respond inadequately due to negative attitudes and beliefs. This study aimed to examine these attitudes of non-psychiatric workers in the medical and surgical wards. Methods: A total of 457 doctors and 1643 nurses were recruited from the medical, surgical and orthopaedic disciplines over a period of 4 months. Three questionnaires were administered: demographics, Alcohol & Alcohol-Problems Perceptions Questionnaire (AAPPQ) and Staff Perception of Alcohol Treatment Resources. Results: About 128 doctors and 785 nurses responded. Around 75.5% doctors and 51.9% nurses endorsed role-legitimacy in the AAPPQ. Both the doctor (86.7%) and nurse (77.6%) groups agreed on the importance to initiate intervention for patients with problematic alcohol-use in daily work. Both groups were sceptical and negative towards these patients endorsing low-level role-adequacy (41.2%), role-support (36.9%), motivation (36.5%), task-specific self-esteem (25.1) as well as work satisfaction (20.5%). Conclusion/discussion: Doctors and nurses demonstrated low levels of therapeutic commitments towards patients with problematic alcohol-use thereby necessitating the introduction of in-house programmes to educate, empower and emphasise the importance of therapeutic contact with patients for alcohol intervention. Scientific significance: The prompt identification and treatment of patients with alcohol problems are contingent on the workers’ attitudes towards them. This study’s results should spark a nation-wide interest to improve the training and recognition of such patients and providing adequate educational resources.

Opportunities and Threats Analysis Caused by Social Media

With the advent and widespread use of information and communication technologies, the need for information has become part of the daily work of individuals. Recently, social networks are one of the most important topics in cyberspace. This study seeks to identify and rank the opportunities and threats of social media for the society. Three hundred seventy students active in social networks are selected by clustering sampling method. A conceptual model is developed based on the review of theoretical literature and five opportunities of social network including electronic learning, filling leisure time, organizing social groups, getting to know about diverse cultures, possibility of conversation, as well as five threats include sharing anti values, abusing, dissemination of misinformation, internet addiction, and malacious communication have significant effect on the students.

Blockchain Applications in the COVID-19 Era

In the difficult times of history, human beings sought a solution to the crisis by using the existing technological facilities outside of the structure used until that day or by further developing the technology. The COVID-19 outbreak, which affected the whole world in 2020, also increased the diversity and use of blockchain applications. The first coronavirus case in China and then declaration of COVID-19 by the World Health Organization as a pandemic caused countries to be extremely unprepared for this epidemic. The fact that the pandemic is felt in almost every area of daily life has forced individuals to digitalize their daily work and habits. In this study, the existing and innovative blockchain applications developed against the epidemic during the pandemic process will be discussed, and possible future opportunities will be mentioned.

Being ethical and bioethical in daily life of primary health care: nurses’ perceptions

ABSTRACT Objectives: to understand the perceptions of ethics and bioethics and how to be ethical and bioethical in daily life of Primary Health Care, from the perspective of nurses. Methods: this is a Holistic-qualitative Multiple Case Study, based on Comprehensive Everyday Sociology, with 54 participants. Results: two subcategories and the category Being ethical and bioethical in daily life of PHC: nurses’ perceptions emerged. The ethical and bioethical being permeates a subjective and abstract self, whose fears, anxieties and concerns are intertwined with the human and professional dimensions in daily work and in personal-professional relationship. Ethics and bioethics perceptions emerge from subjectivity, established relationships, lived experiences and daily actions of nurses essential to the profession, professionals and individuals to be cared for. Final Considerations: ethical and bioethical perceptions and attitudes are essential to care, management and organizational actions, health care, and the safety of users and professionals.

IN NOVUM RESTRICTION IN LITHUANIAN CIVIL PROCEDURE LAW

This article examines a relatively new institute of Lithuanian civil proceedings – legal restrictions on the late submission of evidence in both first instance and appellate courts. These restrictions were first established in the new Civil Procedure Code (CPC) which was adopted by Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania on 28 February 2002 (entered into force on 1 January 2003). Until then such restrictions in Lithuanian civil procedure law were not known from the time of famous Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Therefore, it seems natural that this innovation has paved the way for its real application in the courts for more than a decade. This article provides a consistent analysis of the case law (starting with the rulings of the Supreme Court of Lithuania in which the restrictions established in the law were practically denied, and up to the rulings of the last year, which already recognized the right of the courts in certain cases to refuse to accept evidence which was submitted too late). This article also reveals the aims of the CPC authors which were aimed at establishing the first instance court’s right to refuse to accept evidence which was submitted too late and system of limited appeal which establishes a general prohibition (with certain exceptions) to present evidence that was not examined in the court of first instance. One of the most important aims is the concentration of the proceedings, the prevention of abuse of procedural rights and the establishment of the first instance as the main judicial instance. The appeal procedure in the new CPC is already regarded not as a repetition or continuation of the proceedings at first instance, but as a review of the legality and validity of an existing, albeit unenforced, decision of the court of first instance. The author acknowledges that although it took a long time for the relevant provisions of the law to be actually applied in the case law, today their application is already noticeable in the daily work of courts. This leads to the conclusion that Lithuanian courts have adapted to the new CPC system and its philosophy.

Covid-19 as a Non-Military Threat: Implementation of State Defense for Civil Servants in Indonesia

Indonesia is one of the countries affected by the Covid-19 pandemic and its spread is still ongoing. The Covid-19 pandemic has affected government policy making and services both at the central and regional levels. The government is required to continue to take various steps to adapt to developments caused by this pandemic. The purpose of this study includes the efforts of the Civil Servants as one of the elements of the National Defense Reserve Component in dealing with Covid-19 as a non-military threat. The method used in this research is qualitative with research design using literature study. The research data were taken from journals, books, previous research, scientific articles, literature and news from official websites and the research subject was the Civil Servants. The results of the research are that the Civil Servants as a government apparatus should be a pioneer and take part at the forefront of every effort to defend the country, according to their respective fields and responsibilities. In the implementation of defending the state in the daily work of the Civil Servants in the form of love for the homeland, being aware of the nation and state, namely Pancasila as the ideology of the State, willing to sacrifice for the nation and the State, having the initial ability to defend the State.

Trust-based federated learning for network anomaly detection

With the rapid development of social networks and the massive popularity of intelligent mobile terminals, network anomaly detection is becoming increasingly important. In daily work and life, edge nodes store a large number of network local connection data and audit data, which can be used to analyze network abnormal behavior. With the increasingly close network communication, the amount of network connection and other related data collected by each network terminal is increasing. Machine learning has become a classification method to analyze the features of big data in the network. Face to the problems of excessive data and long response time for network anomaly detection, we propose a trust-based Federated learning anomaly detection algorithm. We use the edge nodes to train the local data model, and upload the machine learning parameters to the central node. Meanwhile, according to the performance of edge nodes training, we set different weights to match the processing capacity of each terminal which will obtain faster convergence speed and better attack classification accuracy. The user’s private information will only be processed locally and will not be uploaded to the central server, which can reduce the risk of information disclosure. Finally, we compare the basic federated learning model and TFCNN algorithm on KDD Cup 99 dataset and MNIST dataset. The experimental results show that the TFCNN algorithm can improve accuracy and communication efficiency.

ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MEDICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

Охрана здоровья граждан – одна из ключевых тем развития государства. О необходимости выстроить систему здравоохранения на новой технологической базе заявил в Послании Федеральному Собранию 21.04.2021 Президент РФ Владимир Путин. Здравоохранение представляет собой достаточно сложную и динамическую систему, которая требует постоянной оценки ситуации и быстрого принятия решений. Непрерывная оценка эпидемиологической ситуации и мониторинг здоровья конкретного гражданина невозможен без качественно организованного обмена информацией и единой системы данных, внедренных в повседневную работу медицинских учреждений. На данный момент существует большое количество медицинских информационных систем (МИС), однако, многие из них содержат избыточный функционал и специфичный формат хранения данных. Адаптировать существующие МИС под нужды конкретных регионов довольно проблематично как в трудо- и времязатратах, так и финансовом плане. Была поставлена задача разработать медицинскую информационную систему Астрал.Мед, направленную на решение актуальных задач в сфере оказания первичной медико-санитарной помощи. Одной из задач разработки является возможность передачи и приема различной медицинской информации в уже существующие МИС с целью, в конечном итоге, отправки этих данных в Единую государственную информационную систему в сфере здравоохранения. В данном случае должно реализовываться единое хранилище всех данных пациентов внезависимости от медицинского учреждения, в котором они обслуживаются, и от информационной системы в данном учреждении. Реализация системы Астрал.Мед состоит из: разработки модуля интерфейсной части; разработки базы данных и способа взаимодействия с ней; модуля обработки запросов от специалистов медицинского учреждения и модуля интеграции со сторонними МИС (что является одной из самых основных и сложных задач из-за возможной несовместимости форматов хранения данных в различных информационных системах). Protection of the health of citizens is one of the key topics in the development of the state. The need to build a health care system on a new technological base was announced by the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin in his Address to the Federal Assembly on April 21, 2021. Health care is a rather complex and dynamic system that requires constant assessment of the situation and quick decision-making. A continuous assessment of the epidemiological situation and monitoring of the health of a particular citizen is impossible without a well-organized exchange of information and a unified data system introduced into the daily work of medical institutions. At the moment, there are a large number of medical information systems (MIS), however, many of them contain redundant functionality and a specific data storage format. It is quite problematic to adapt existing IIAs to the needs of specific regions, both in terms of labor and time costs, and financially. The task was to develop a medical information system Astral.Med, aimed at solving urgent problems in the field of primary health care. One of the development tasks is the possibility of transferring and receiving various medical information to the already existing MIS with the aim, ultimately, of sending this data to the Unified State Information System in the field of health care. In this case, a single repository of all patient data should be implemented, regardless of the medical institution in which they are served and the information system in this institution. Implementation of the Ast-Ral.Med system consists of: development of the interface module; developing a database and a way to interact with it; a module for processing requests from specialists of a medical institution and a module for integration with third-party MIS (which is one of the most basic and complex tasks due to the possible incompatibility of data storage formats in various information systems).