Distributionally Robust XVA via Wasserstein Distance: Wrong Way Counterparty Credit and Funding Risk

This paper investigates calculations of robust X-Value adjustment (XVA), in particular, credit valuation adjustment (CVA) and funding valuation adjustment (FVA), for over-the-counter derivatives under distributional ambiguity using Wasserstein distance as the ambiguity measure. Wrong way counterparty credit risk and funding risk can be characterized (and indeed quantified) via the robust XVA formulations. The simpler dual formulations are derived using recent Lagrangian duality results. Next, some computational experiments are conducted to measure the additional XVA charges due to distributional ambiguity under a variety of portfolio and market configurations. Finally some suggestions for further work are discussed.

An XVA Approach to Counterparty Risk Appraisal

Background: More bona fide adjustments aimed at appraising counterparty risks and financial expenses related to over-the-counter derivative have become indispensable after the European sovereign debt catastrophe and the 2007/08’s world-wide fiscal crisis. The most notable measures include DVA, CVA and FVA. Methods: This paper advocates the application of XVA scheme to assess CVA, DVA, and FVA for managing risk and pricing of financial or OTC derivatives. Results and Discussion: A foundation formula is formulated and tested against different risk scenarios of CVA, DVA, FVA, and KVA using cross referenced data. Practical advices are provided for real industry application of XVA. Conclusion: Compared to traditional risk management in financial market where funding risk, credit risk, and default risk are accounted separately, the approach proposed by the current study monitors the multiple types of risk in a comprehensive framework and is more practically effective from financial operation point of view.

Funding Liquidity Risk and the Dynamics of Hedge Fund Lockups

We exploit the expiring nature of hedge fund lockups to create a new measure of funding liquidity risk that varies within funds. We find that hedge funds with lower funding risk generate higher returns, and this effect is driven by their increased exposure to equity-mispricing anomalies. Our results are robust to a variety of sampling criteria, variable definitions, and control variables. Further, we address endogeneity concerns in various ways, including a placebo approach and regression discontinuity design. Collectively, our results support a causal link between funding risk and the ability of managers to engage in risky arbitrage.

PENGARUH FAKTOR FUNDAMENTAL DAN VARIABEL MAKROEKONOMI TERHADAP CAPITAL BUFFER BANK SYARIAH

Banks are trust institutions. The tools that are appropriate to support this trust are the capital adequacy of the bank (capital buffer), related to the ability of banks to detect the risks faced. This study discusses the effects of financing risk (NPF), operational risk (BOPO), market risk (NI), profitability (ROA), bank size (SIZE), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and money exchange (M2) on buffer capital (M2) CAR) BUS in Indonesia during the period 2010-2018, both partially and simultaneously. The data used are quantitative data with panel data regression methods using statistical tools stata13. This research uses secondary data while the study population is 14 Islamic commercial banks which then obtained a sample of 11 BUS based on the purposive sampling method. NPF, NI, SIZE, GDP, and M2 have a significant effect on CAR, where NI and M2 have a positive effect, and NPF, SIZE, GDP affect negatively. Related to expenditure risk variables, market risk, bank size, GDP, and money that can be issued as determined by the BUS capital buffer in Indonesia in the period 2010-2018. Operational Risk (BOPO) and profitability (ROA) have no significant effect on BUS capital buffers (CAR) in the study period. Regarding implementation of Basel III, funding risk and market risk are significant determinants of capital buffers, and capital buffers are found to be procyclical to Indonesia's finances. Keywords: capital buffer, risk profile, macroeconomic conditions, basel III.

Exploring the role of risk and corruption on bank stability: evidence from Pakistan

Purpose This paper aims to explore the impact of liquidity risk, credit risk, funding risk and corruption on bank stability of the banking system in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach The empirical analysis is confined to 24 retail banks, which include 5 Islamic and 19 conventional banks during the period of 2007-2015. Findings The findings of this study suggest that bank size, liquidity risk, funding risk and corruption exert a positive impact on bank stability. Additionally, the authors find a negative relationship between credit risk and bank stability. Originality/value As per the knowledge of the authors, the present research is the first attempt that discusses the issues of bank stability related to risk and corruption faced by the banking system.

The internal determinants of bank profitability and stability

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the internal determinants of bank profitability and stability in Pakistan banking sector. Because of specific research objectives, this study excludes the external factors of profitability and stability to find the role of bank internal determinants in achieving high performance.Design/methodology/approachA panel regression analysis is built on a balanced panel data using 24 commercial banks over the sample period of 2007-2015. The authors performed a separate analysis of bank profitability and stability. Both models used a comprehensive set of bank internal determinants.FindingsThe results that were obtained from profitability model indicated that bank size, credit risk, funding risk and stability have statistically significant impacts on profitability, while liquidity risk showed the statistically insignificant impact on profitability. Regression findings from stability model reveal that bank size, liquidity risk, funding risk and profitability have statistically significant impacts on stability, while credit risk had an insignificant effect on stability. However, the effect of the financial crisis is uniform and showed statistically insignificant impact in both models.Practical implicationsOverall, the authors’ findings bring some new but useful insights to the banking literature. Some recommendations may be functional for the sustainable performance of banks.Originality/valueIn view of study results, the authors provide interesting insights into the practices and characteristics of banks in Pakistan. This study also highlights significant bank internal determinants to improve understanding in the existing literature.

Does Bank Size and Funding Risk Effect Banks’ Stability? A Lesson from Pakistan

The purpose of this research is to address the two important questions. Does bank size effect bank stability? Does funding risk explain bank stability? For this purpose, we have obtained a balanced panel data from the banking sector of Pakistan. The sample data consist over five Islamic and nineteen conventional banks from 2007 to 2015. The results suggest that bank size has a negative effect on stability under Z-score model, while a positive relationship was found when stability is measured through risk-adjusted return on assets (RAROA) and risk-adjusted equity-to-asset ratio (RAEA). Moreover, funding risk has a positive relationship with bank stability under all three stability models. The results obtained from robustness check analysis confirm the strength of our findings, when inflation, financial development and GDP were used as controlled variables. Additionally, the impact of inflation and GDP on bank stability is negative, while a positive relationship is reported between bank stability and financial development under all three models. Overall, present research is a first attempt to empirically analyse the size–stability and funding risk–stability relationship in the banking sector of Pakistan.

The Influence of Pension Scheme Maturity on Investment Strategies of Pension Funds in Kenya

The longevity risk borne by members of defined contribution pension schemes and the funding risk borne by sponsors of defined benefit pension funds have shifted attention to the investment strategies employed by pension funds. We use secondary data from 206 occupational retirement benefits schemes in Kenya, to examine the influence of pension scheme maturity on investment strategies. We then triangulate the results using focused group discussions with industry experts. Results from the regression models indicate that scheme maturity does not influence the investment strategies of occupation schemes in Kenya contrary to life cycle theory. The Retirement Benefits Authority and trustees of retirement benefits schemes in Kenya are advised to offer members’ investment choices coupled with education to enable them make decisions to reduce their exposure to risky assets as they age.