Local One-Sided Rubber Bulging Test to Measure Various Strain Paths of Metal Tube

We proposed a local one-sided rubber bulging method of metal tubes to evaluate various strain paths at an aimed portion and measured the forming limit strains of metal tubes at the place of the occurrence of necking under biaxial deformation. Using this method, since rubber is used to give pressure from the inner side of the tube, no sealing mechanisms were necessary unlike during hydraulic pressure bulging. An opening was prepared in front of the die to locally bulge a tube at only the evaluation portion. To change the restriction conditions of the bulged region for biaxial deformation at the opening, a round or square cutout, or a slit was introduced. The test was conducted using a universal compression test machine and simple dies rather than a dedicated machine. Considering the experimental results, it was confirmed that the strain path was varied by changing the position and size of slits and cutouts. Using either a cutout or a slit, the strain path in the side of the metal tubes can be either equi-biaxial tension or simple tension, respectively. Additionally, by changing the size of the cuts or slits, the strain path can be varied.

Modeling of Linear and Non-linear Compression Processes of Sunflower Bulk Oilseeds

The present study aimed at describing the experimental and theoretical force-deformation curves of sunflower bulk oilseeds at varying initial pressing heights and vessel diameters as well as determining the theoretical pressure and energy along the screw press FL 200 pressing chambers. The design of efficient oil expression systems for industry and small-scale application remains a major challenge to engineers and researchers. In attempting to solve the problem, it is important to understand the linear compression process and to transfer the knowledge to the industry involving mechanical screw presses. The universal compression testing machine at a preset load of 200 kN and a speed of 5 mm·min−1, tangent curve model and the screw press FL 200 geometry parameters were applied. The obtained results of pressure and energy along the screw pressing chambers (1–7) ranged from 0.31 to 101.653 MPa and 12.616 to 1231.228 J. Applying the tangent model at n = 1 and n = 2, the cumulative pressure decreased with increasing vessel diameters while energy increased. The study provides useful information for the analysis of other bulk oilseeds and optimizing the processing parameters of screw press FL 200 and the design and development of new oil presses.

Electricity theft detection framework based on universal prediction algorithm

<span lang="EN-GB">Electricity theft has caused huge losses over the globe and the trend of its perpetuation constantly evolve even as smart technologies such as smart meters are being deployed. Although the smart meters have come under some attacks, they provide sufficient data which can be analysed by an intelligent strategy for effective monitoring and detection of compromised situations. So many techniques have been employed but satisfactory result is yet to be obtained for a real-time detection of this electrical fraud. This work suggests a framework based on Universal Anomaly Detection (UAD) utilizing Lempel-Ziv universal compression algorithm, aimed at achieving a real-time detection in a smart grid environment. A number of the network parameters can be monitored to detect anomalies, but this framework monitors the energy <a name="_Hlk725881"></a>consumption data, rate of change of the energy consumption data, its date stamp and time signatures. To classify the data based on normal and abnormal behaviour, Lempel-Ziv algorithm is used to assign probability of occurrence to the compressed data of the monitored parameters. This framework can learn normal behaviours of smart meter data and give alerts during any detected anomaly based on deviation from this probability. A forced aggressivemeasure is also suggested in the framework as means of applying fines to fraudulent customers.</span>

Compressive loading experiment of non-roasted bulk oil palm kernels at varying pressing factors

Compression testing of non-roasted bulk oil palm kernels at different processing factors was performed using a universal compression testing machine and a pressing vessel witha plunger. The purpose of the research was to describe regression models of deformation, deformation energy and percentage kernel oil depending on force, speed and vessel diameter. The tested compression forces were 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 kN, while the speeds were 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mm min−1. Three pressing vessels of diameter 60, 80 and 100 mm were used. Samples were compressed at an initial height of 60 mm. For varying forces and vessel diameters at a constant speed of 5 mm min−1, the values of deformation, deformation energy and percentage kernel oil ranged from 28.47±0.89 to 37.45±0.11 mm, 796±0.82 to 1795±49.01 J and 7.33±0.26 to 25.67±0.39%. At a constant force of 200 kN for different speeds and vessel diameters; the aforementioned determined parameters also ranged from 31.91±1.61 to 37.63±1.21 mm, 1012±26.76 to 1795±49.01 J and 14.66±0.42 to 24.98±1.37%. The results were statistically significant (p<0.05) or (F-ratio>F-critical), with high coefficients of determination between 0.74 and 0.99. Thus, higher force at specific speed may be needed to maximally recover kernel oil.