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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saugata Gon ◽  
Christopher Russell ◽  
Kasper Koert Jan Baack ◽  
Heather Blackwood ◽  
Alfred Hase

Abstract Paraffin deposition is a common challenge for production facilities globally where production fluid/process surface temperature cools down and reach below the wax appearance temperature (WAT) of the oil. Although chemical treatment is used widely for suitable mitigation of wax deposition, conventional test methods like cold finger often fail to recommend the right product for the field. The current study will present development of two new technologies PARA-Window and Dynamic Paraffin Deposition Cell (DPDC)to address such limitations. Large temperature gradient between bulk oil and cold surface has been identified as a major limitation of cold finger. To address this, PARA-Window has been developed to capture the paraffin deposition at a more realistic temperature gradient (5°C) between the bulk oil and surface temperature using a NIR optical probe. Absence of brine and lack of shear has been identified as another limitation of cold finger technique. DPDC has been developed to study paraffin deposition and chemical effectiveness in presence of brine. Specially designed cells are placed horizontally inside a shaker bath to achieve good mixing between oil and water for DPDC application. A prior study by Russell et al., (2019) showed the effectiveness of PARA-Window in capturing deposition phenomena of higher molecular weight paraffin chains that resemble closely to field deposits under narrow temperature gradient around WAT. Conventional test methods fail to capture meaningful product differentiation in most oils under such conditions and hence can only recommend a crystal modifier type of paraffin chemistries. PARA-Window technique can expand product selection to other type of paraffin chemistries (paraffin crystal modifiers, dispersants and solvents) as shown earlier by Russell et al., (2021). The usage of DPDC allows us to create a dynamic mixing condition inside the test cells with both oil and water under a condition similar to production pipe systems. This allows DPDC to assess water effect on paraffin chemistries (crystal modifiers and dispersants). This study presents the usage of these two new technologies to screen performance of different types of paraffin chemistries on select oils and their advantages over cold finger. The results identify how mimicking field conditions using these new technologies can capture new insights into paraffin products.


Author(s):  
Mojtaba Delfanian ◽  
M. A. Sahari ◽  
Mohsen Barzegar ◽  
Hassan Ahmadi Gavlighi ◽  
Francisco Jose Barba

From an interfacial phenomena standpoint, the effect of length of alkyl chain was evaluated on activities of gallic acid and its alkyl ester derivatives in supramolecular oxidation of stripped soybean oil. The gallic acid molecules (log P = -0.47) with an electron-donating carboxylate anion had a higher scavenging activity against DPPH• than alkyl gallates. Interfacial activities of gallates in emulsion and bulk oil improved as the lengths of the alkyl chain were reached until a critical chain length; after that, further chain length extension causes a decrease in potency. In β-carotene bleaching and Rancimat assays higher inhibitory effect was observed for dodecyl and propyl gallate, respectively. Evaluation of interfacial tension, water content, and droplet size of hydroperoxides reverse micelles in parallel with lipid peroxidation indicated that the inhibitory effect of the alkyl gallates, especially methyl gallate, was significantly better than the gallic acid in the bulk phase oil.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nowak ◽  
K. Scheiber ◽  
C. Stieler ◽  
M. T. Heller ◽  
J. Pfeil ◽  
...  

Abstract Crankcase aerosol contributes to the particulate matter (PM) emissions of combustion engines equipped with an open crankcase ventilation system. In case of closed crankcase ventilation, the aerosol forms deposits that diminish engine efficiency, performance, and reliability. Such issues are best avoided by highly efficient filters combined with in-engine reduction strategies based on a quantitative understanding of aerosol sources and formation mechanisms in a crankcase environment. This paper reports key findings from a study of aerosol spectra in the range of 0.01 μm to 10 μm obtained from a 1.3-L single-cylinder engine under well-defined conditions. Supermicron particles were formed mainly by cooling jet break-up when the piston was positioned in TDC, while at BDC aerosol generation decreased by about 90 % because the oil jet was short and thus stable. Motoring the engine yielded an additional peak around 0.7 μm. It is associated with oil atomization at the piston rings and increased strongly with cylinder peak pressure. No significant contribution of the bearings could be identified at peak pressures below 116 bar. Engine speed had only a minor effect on aerosol properties. Operating the engine in fired mode increased the submicron aerosol concentration substantially, presumably because high(er) peak pressures boost aerosol generation at the piston rings, and because additional particles may have formed from recondensing oil vapor generated at hotspots. Soot or ash aerosols could not be identified in the crankcase aerosol, because they may have been integrated into the bulk oil.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Reza Toorani ◽  
Mohammad-Taghi Golmakani

AbstractIn this study, lecithin (as a surfactant) was added to promote the inhibitory-mechanism of γ-oryzanol, ethyl-ferulate and ferulic acid (based on the interfacial phenomena) so as to inhibit the oxidation of stripped sunflower oil. Monitoring the amount of water production as a byproduct of oxidation showed that the water content of the lipid system increased remarkably through the oxidation progress. Lecithin enhanced the critical concentration of hydroperoxides in reverse micelles, compared to the basic state (14.8 vs. 9.2 mM), thereby improving the hydrogen-donating mechanism of antioxidants. The size of reverse micelles increased progressively during the oxidation, while two breakpoints were pointed out in the micelles growth, i.e. at the end of the initiation and the propagation phases. Based on the kinetic data, ferulic acid showed the highest antioxidant activity (23.4), compared to ethyl-ferulate (15.5) and γ-oryzanol (13.7). Generally, lecithin enhanced antioxidant activity (~ 65%) by improving the interfacial performance of antioxidants.


Author(s):  
Yevhen Kolenchenko ◽  
Viacheslav Bezruchko ◽  
Roman Buinyi ◽  
Igor Dihtyaruk

The analysis of the state of 35–110 kV circuit breakers in the Chernihiv region, which are on the balance sheet of the operator of the distribution system JSC «Chernigivoblenergo», has been carried out. It was shown that the number of circuit breakers that satisfy regulatory documents is only 18.9 % in 35 kV and 2 % in 110 kV power networks. Unfortunately, most of the 35–110 kV circuit breakers in the Chernihiv region are low-oil and bulk-oil type, which required heating during cold meteorological conditions. The article assess the duration of the circuit breakers heating and their drives, depending on the selected set point of the temperature and the averaging interval of the ambient temperature, and the value of technological energy losses. The article considers following ways to reduce technological costs for heating: optimization of the heating control system, replacement of oil circuit breakers with modern vacuum and SF6 circuit breakers, which require lower costs on heating, and applied both above ways. The effectiveness of the above ways was done with apply Net Present Value, which includes not only investments and Net Profit Margin, but also operating costs and Discount Rates. It has been shown that all of the above ways are effective. In particular, the least costly is the modernization of the heating control system, which has payback period is low three years. The payback period for second way to replace all 35–110 kV oil circuit breakers with modern ones at JSC «Chernigivoblenrego» is about 6.5 years, but this way requires large investments. However, this way cannot be done in one year. Therefore effectiveness will be less due to energy losses to operated oil circuit breakers.


2021 ◽  
Vol 349 ◽  
pp. 129037
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Hyatt ◽  
Siyu Zhang ◽  
Casimir C. Akoh

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
Erjan Akhmedov

This article is a study of the current situation with rail deliveries of bulk oil cargoes from the Caspian region to Europe. It addresses the importance of these deliveries for the European energy security, the salient features of rail transportation of crude oil and refined products in this direction, the main transportation routes, and, finally, describes existing and potential problems with rail deliveries of bulk oil cargoes from the Caspian region to Europe and suggests potential resolutions for these problems. In spite of the serious importance of the topic, the overall number of scientific publications related to it is limited. Another problem is that existing scientific literature sources tend to cover general transportation or geopolitical aspects without paying due attention to the rail transportation, logistical problems, related to the current topic, and how to resolve them. The author attempts to fill these knowledge gaps by collecting, processing, and analysing first-hand information from the main market players. The author concludes the article emphasising the importance of the railway transport for deliveries of bulk oil cargoes and pointing out that several important actions are required, namely the actual introduction of a competitive freight market and transition from transport to logistics corridors, support from governments and railway administrations and proactive position of shippers.


Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1385
Author(s):  
Maysa T. Resende ◽  
Tatiana Osheter ◽  
Charles Linder ◽  
Zeev Wiesman

The nutritional characteristics of fatty acid (FA) containing foods are strongly dependent on the FA’s chemical/morphological arrangements. Paradoxically the nutritional, health enhancing FA polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are highly susceptible to oxidation into harmful toxic side products during food preparation and storage. Current analytical technologies are not effective in the facile characterization of both the morphological and chemical structures of PUFA domains within materials for monitoring the parameters affecting their oxidation and antioxidant efficacy. The present paper is a review of our work on the development and application of a proton low field NMR relaxation sensor (1H LF NMR) and signal to time domain (TD) spectra reconstruction for chemical and morphological characterization of PUFA-rich oils and their oil in water emulsions, for assessing their degree and susceptibility to oxidation and the efficacy of antioxidants. The NMR signals are energy relaxation signals generated by spin–lattice interactions (T1) and spin–spin interactions (T2). These signals are reconstructed into 1D (T1 or T2) and 2D graphics (T1 vs. T2) by an optimal primal-dual interior method using a convex objectives (PDCO) solver. This is a direct measurement on non-modified samples where the individual graph peaks correlate to structural domains within the bulk oil or its emulsions. The emulsions of this review include relatively complex PUFA-rich oleosome-oil bodies based on the aqueous extraction from linseed seeds with and without encapsulation of externally added oils such as fish oil. Potential applications are shown in identifying optimal health enhancing PUFA-rich food formulations with maximal stability against oxidation and the potential for on-line quality control during preparation and storage.


Author(s):  
Amalia Yuli Astuti ◽  
Utaminingsih Linarti ◽  
Gita Indah Budiarti

Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) is the waste that came from household. WCO become a threat to community because it will come back to food chains again as residual bulk oil that have cheaper price than branded cooking oil. Lintas Winongo Waste Bank in Bumijo, Jetis, Yogyakarta City are trying to manage the waste cooking oil into recycled products. One of their products is aromatherapy candles. However, they had problem to produce the candles and sell it. They also faced problem about the odor of candle that came from WCO as raw material. The purpose of community service were to provide knowledge and skills to produce aromatherapy candles and to calculate the Cost of Goods Sold (CoGS). The methods in this activity were carried out in two stage. The first activity has organized by training and assistance in producing aromatherapy candles that mixed WCO and other ingredients. The second activity focused in calculating CoGS of candles. The results from these community service activities were increased knowledge and skills about producing aromatherapy candles. There were also increased knowledge about manage CoGS of their products


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan West

This dissertation explores the impact of confectioner’s sugar and processing on key physical characteristics of palm oil. Though bulk oils such as palm oil have been well-studied, fat-continuous dispersions that include other ingredients such as sugar, cocoa solids, or milk powder are much more complex due to ingredient interactions and the resulting changes in properties such as fat crystal morphology and crystallization pathway. These implications restrict the ability to extrapolate responses from bulk oils towards multi-ingredient systems. This is particularly important given that palm oil in foods rarely exists in bulk but is usually mixed with multiple ingredients. The effects of processing on both bulk oil and oil-sugar blends were explored over four weeks of storage and clearly demonstrated that the existence of a dispersion resulted in large differences in rheology and texture compared to the bulk. Adding sugar significantly increased storage modulus and firmness of the oils while exhibiting increased sensitivity towards processing conditions. Predictive models were generated through multiple regression analysis that overcame limitations derived from extrapolation and corrected for these behavioural differences using a single binary variable accounting for the presence of confectioner’s sugar. As a result, the contributions of sugar to the rheology and texture of oil-sugar blends were modelled, a first in such systems. The results contained within this dissertation are of great industrial relevance as they: i) limit the dependence on anecdote and empiricism to explain results, ii) generate detailed process maps, iii) identify optimal process values to attain desirable rheological and textural responses, and iv) open the door for further investigation into dispersion effects.


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