ACCESSORY PERONEUS BREVIS TENDON - A CASE REPORT

Introduction: The development of limb musculature takes place between the fifth and seventh weeks of intrauterine life. The genes MYO-D and MYF5 regulate the limb musculature development and any defect in these may lead to either a partial or complete loss or an addition to the normal muscle morphology. This case report presents the observation of an accessory tendon of the Peroneus brevis muscle in the left lower limb of a 70 year old male cadaver during the routine dissection for undergraduate students at Government Medical College, Miraj. The variant insertion of the Peroneus brevis tendon on the calcaneal tubercle is clinically important to note in cases of lateral ankle pain and instability. The presence of an accessory tendon of the peroneus brevis muscle may also be a cause of the longitudinal splitting of the muscle which should be taken into consideration while making a diagnosis and planning surgeries around the lateral aspect of the ankle.

Other Proven and Putative Autoimmune Disorders of the CNS

Antiglutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-associated disorders are a group of rare neuroimmunological disorders that encompass an expanding spectrum of neurological syndromes. The pathophysiology of these disorders is not well understood, although the presence of very high levels of antibodies to GAD is indicative of immunological dysfunction. The most well-known disease within this class of disorders is stiff-person syndrome (SPS), which often manifests as painful spasms, stiffness/rigidity in axial and limb musculature, and increased lumbar lordosis. Other anti-GAD-associated disorders include isolated cerebellar ataxia, progressive encephalopathy with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM), and encephalitis. Treatment depends on the severity of disease, ranging from symptomatic to immunomodulating/immunosuppressant therapies.