The history of physical education : in the primary schools of New Zealand from 1874-1947.

The 1877 Act, during the Habens period, enumerated the subjects of instruction as follows: reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar, composition, geography, history, elementary science, drawing, object lessons, vocal music, and for girls sewing end needlework. A further clause stated that in public scttools provision shall be made for the instruction in military drill for all boys, and in such schools as the Board shall from time to time direct, provision shall also be made for physical training. There was no defined syllabus of training stated and the only other relevant clause in the Act was to the effect that wherever practicable there shall be attached to each school a playground ot least a quarter of an acre in area.<br>

The history of physical education : in the primary schools of New Zealand from 1874-1947.

The 1877 Act, during the Habens period, enumerated the subjects of instruction as follows: reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar, composition, geography, history, elementary science, drawing, object lessons, vocal music, and for girls sewing end needlework. A further clause stated that in public scttools provision shall be made for the instruction in military drill for all boys, and in such schools as the Board shall from time to time direct, provision shall also be made for physical training. There was no defined syllabus of training stated and the only other relevant clause in the Act was to the effect that wherever practicable there shall be attached to each school a playground ot least a quarter of an acre in area.<br>

Object Lessons: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Sturm und Drang of Race Childhood

While originally referring to the use of material objects to convey abstract ideas, “object lesson” took on a second meaning at the turn of the twentieth century. This particular connotation—denoting a person and leader as moral exemplar—reveals fault lines between the thinking of W. E. B. Du Bois and G. Stanley Hall on young people. Through his own adoption of the German ideals of sturm und drang and bildungsroman, as well as “aftershadowing”—a recalibration of ideas and reflections on his own family genealogy, childhood, and intellectual lineages—Du Bois made ideological claims that were a counter-narrative to Hall’s recapitulation theory.

QUACKENBOS COMO ANTÍDOTO A ORTIZ & PARDAL: O ENSINO DA GRAMÁTICA DA LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA NO PARECER DE RUY BARBOSA, 1882

RESUMO: O objetivo deste artigo é contribuir para as já avançadas pesquisas, no Brasil, referentes ao método intuitivo. São examinados dois livros citados por Ruy Barbosa em seu Parecer de 1882 sobre o ensino primário no Município da Corte: Illustrated lessons in our lenguage; or how to speak and write correctly. Designed to teach english grammar, without technicalities, de George Payn Quackenbos, recomendado por Barbosa como antídoto a Grammatica analytica e explicativa da língua portugueza, de José Ortiz e Candido Pardal, em circulação nos anos de 1870 e 1880, especialmente nas escolas primárias do Rio de Janeiro. Sobre Grammatica analytica, destaca-se sua organização fundada no conceito de gramática como arte de escrever e falar bem, o que denota sua filiação ao modelo geral e filosófico greco-latino, portanto, seu descompasso em relação à renovação científica que vinha ocorrendo na Linguística no século XIX. Para apresentação contextuada das Illustrated lessons... - e considerando que o seu autor ainda não ganhou estudos no Brasil sobre o ensino de gramática, composição e áreas adjacentes, e sobre o método intuitivo -, o artigo situa esse livro em relação às demais publicações de Quackenbos, bem como o seu enraizamento intelectual no “enlightenment” escocês e sua declarada adesão às lições de coisas (object lessons). Com isso, verifica-se em Ruy Barbosa um grau razoavelmente alto de consistência nas críticas que enceta contra o conservadorismo linguístico presente na Instrução Primária da Corte e sua atualidade em relação aos estudos então mais recentes que dão base a novas propostas pedagógicas, ditas modernas.