Power-Aware Fault-Tolerance for Embedded Systems

Power-constrained fault-tolerance has emerged as a key challenge in the deep sub-micron technology. Multi-/many-core chips can support different hardening modes considering variants of redundant multithreading (RMT). In dark silicon chips, the maximum number of cores that can simultaneously be powered-on (at the full performance level) is constrained by the thermal design power (TDP). The rest of the cores have to be power-gated (i.e., stay “dark”), or the cores have to operate at a lower performance level. It has been predicted that about 25–50% of a many-core chip can potentially be “dark.” In this chapter, a system-level power–reliability management technique is presented. The technique jointly considers multiple hardening modes at the software and hardware levels, each offering distinct power, reliability, and performance properties. Also, a framework for the system-level optimization is introduced which considers different power–reliability–performance management problems for many-core processors depending upon the target system and user constraints.

KUALITAS SOAL PENILAIAN TENGAH SEMESTER MATA PELAJARAN BAHASA SUNDA DI SMPN 2 LEUWISADENG BOGOR

This research based on the quality of mid-semester test questions in Sundanese language subject which is proposed by the teacher is still not meeting the criteria of validity , reliability, and questions properness,. This research aims to describe the validity level, content validity, and empirical validity (difficulty level and differentiator power), reliability, and questions appropriateness level of Sundanese language subject in SMPN 2 Leuwisadeng Bogor. This research uses descriptive method, specifically, descriptive and inferential statistics. This methods used descriptive method of quantitative approach.The data for this research are Sunadanese subject mid-term questions and the answer sheets of the first and second semester student year 2018/2019. Furthermore, this research uses documentation study as the technique of the research. Based on the 11 analyzed aspects, the result shows that mid-semester test question content validity of 110 questions that 44 questions are valid, 21 questions are obliged to be revised, and 45 questions should be changed. Empirical Validity based on difficulty level shows that 62 questions are proper, 40 questions should be revised and 8 questions should be changed. Based on the differentiator power shows that 49 questions are proper, 31 questions should be revised, and 30 questions should be substituted. Based on the reliability level, 50% is in good category, 30% is in middle category, and 20% is in the bad category. Therefore, based on validity, either contect valididty or empirical validity (questions’difficulty level and differentiator poer), as well as reliability level, there are 35 proper questions (32%), 50 questions should be revised (45%), and 25 questions should be changed (23%). The conclusion is mid-semester test questions of Sundanese subject in SMPN 2 Leuwisadeng Bogor has’good’ standard of questionsappropriateness. AbstrakPenelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya kualitas soal penilaian tengah semester mata pelajaran bahasa Sunda yang dibuat oleh guru masih belum memenuhi kriteria tingkat validitas, reliabilitas, dan kelayakan soal penilaian tengah semester. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan validitas, baik validitas isi maupun validitas empiris (tingkat kesukaran dan daya pembeda), tingkat relibilitas, dan tingkat kelayakan soal-soal penilaian tengah semester basa Sunda di SMPN 2 Leuwisadeng Bogor. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode deksriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini didapat dari pengumpulan soal-soal penilaian tengah semester bahasa Sunda dan lembar jawaban siswa semester 1 dan semester 2 taun ajar 2018/2019. Teknik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu teknik studi dokumentasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian 11 aspek yang telah dianalisis ini yaitu validitas isi soal penilaian tengah semester dari 110 soal yaitu 44 soal valid, 21 soal harus direvisi, dan 45 soal harus diganti. Validitas empiris, berdasarkan kesukaran soal ada 62 soal yang layak, 40 soal direvisi, dan 8 soal harus diganti. Berdasarkan tingkat daya pembeda ada 49 soal layak, 31 soal direvisi, dan 30 soal harus diganti. Berdasarkan tingkat reliabilitas soal Penilaian Tengah Semester ada 50% kategori tinggi, 30% kategori sedang, dan 20% kategori rendah. Oleh sebab itu, berdasarkan validitas, baik validitas isi maupun validitas empiris (tingkat kesukaran soal dan daya pembeda soal), serta tingkat reliabilitas terdapat kelayakan soal yaitu ada 35 soal yang layak (32%), 50 soal harus direvisi (45%), dan 25 soal harus diganti (23%). Jadi, soal-soal penilaian tengah semester bahasa Sunda di SMPN 2 Leuwisadeng Bogor mempunyai tingkat kelayakan soal yang “cukup”.