Solar energy available and energy generated in photovoltaic systems in different inclinations and orientations of roofs of buildings

This work aimed to determine the solar energy available in different inclinations and orientations of roofs of buildings in the four seasons, using data of Global Solar Irradiation in the horizontal plane, temperatures, and wind speed. The inclined hourly solar irradiation and the energy generated by photovoltaic systems of different capacities installed in Cascavel-PR were simulated, with different orientations and inclinations and types of roofs (ceramic, fiber cement and metal). SWERA (Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment) daily global solar irradiation and wind velocity data were used to simulate daily inclined global solar irradiation in PVSyst software. Thus, also with the help of the software, the energy generated by photovoltaic systems of different capacities installed in Cascavel - PR, with different orientations and inclinations of roofs was determined. Consequently, the levels of losses in different seasons of the year were calculated and an analysis of the economic viability of the undertakings was made. Thus, the losses, profits and income of the systems were compared. Solar panels installed in northern oriented ceramic roofs provide better energy production performance throughout the year compared to metallic roofs and fibrocement. However, for the other orientations (South, East and West), the losses for ceramic roofs were twice as high as the metallic and fibrocement roofs in relation to their respective northern orientated slopes. Regarding orientation, roofs oriented to the North receive more Irradiation annually and therefore produce more energy. Then there is East, West and South as the most unfavorable condition.

Comparative Study of Experimentally Measured and Calculated Solar Radiations for Two Sites in Algeria

This paper presents a comparison study between the measured solar radiations on site and the calculated solar radiation based on the most theoretical models presented in the literature up to date. Indeed, for such purposes, this paper focusses on the analysis of the data of the measured solar radiation collected on two sites in Algeria such as Tlemcen (34°52′58″ N 01°19′00″ W, elevation 842 m) and Senia (35°39′ N 0°38′ W, elevation: 77 m). In order to check the accuracy of the proposed model, the experimental collected data of the solar radiation obtained from the existing radiometric stations installed at the two locations under investigation, are compared with the estimated or predicted solar radiations obtained from the Capderou and R.Sun models, where four days under clear skies are selected from different seasons to achieve this comparison. Second, the daily averages of the experimental global solar irradiation are compared to those predicted by Mefti model for both the sites. Finally, a validation is carried out based on the obtained experimental monthly global irradiations and with those estimated by Coppolino and Sivkov models. A relative difference is used in this case to judge the reliability and the accuracy of each model for both sites.

Estimation of Global Solar Radiation on Horizontal Surfaces using Temperature-Based Model in Ilorin, Nigeria

In this study, the Solar Irradiation received was estimated in Illorin, Kwara, Nigeria, using the maximum and minimum temperature measured by an Arduino-based solar power parameter measuring system. The Extraterrestrial, Global and Diffuse Solar Radiation were estimated monthly using the Hargreaves and Samani model. This model also required the daily temperature, clearness index, and extraterrestrial solar irradiation in its use alongside the maximum and minimum temperatures. In using this model, we resolved the graphs of the three types of Solar Irradiation over ten days. For the selected days, the estimated extraterrestrial solar irradiation varies from 10.41kWh/m2 to 10.47 kWh/m2, while the mean extraterrestrial solar irradiation is 10.44 kWh/m2. The estimated global solar irradiation varies from 4.42 kWh/m2 to 5.677kWh/m2, while the estimated mean global solar irradiation is 5.19kWh/m2 per day. The estimated diffuse solar irradiation varies from 3.46kWh/m2 to 5.48kWh/m2, while the mean diffuse solar irradiation is per day is 4.61kWh/m2.

Estimation of the Hourly Global Solar Irradiation on the Tilted and Oriented Plane of Photovoltaic Solar Panels Applied to Greenhouse Production

Agrometeorological stations have horizontal solar irradiation data available, but the design and simulation of photovoltaic (PV) systems require data about the solar panel (inclined and/or oriented). Greenhouses for agricultural production, outside the large protected production areas, are usually off-grid; thus, the solar irradiation variable on the panel plane is critical for an optimal PV design. Modeling of solar radiation components (beam, diffuse, and ground-reflected) is carried out by calculating the extraterrestrial solar radiation, solar height, angle of incidence, and diffuse solar radiation. In this study, the modeling was done using Simulink-MATLAB blocks to facilitate its application, using the day of the year, the time of day, and the hourly horizontal global solar irradiation as input variables. The rest of the parameters (i.e., inclination, orientation, solar constant, albedo, latitude, and longitude) were fixed in each block. The results obtained using anisotropic models of diffuse solar irradiation of the sky in the region of Castile and León (Spain) showed improvements over the results obtained with isotropic models. This work enables the precise estimation of solar irradiation on a solar panel flexibly, for particular places, and with the best models for each of the components of solar radiation.

Evaluation and analysis of freshwater from atmospheric moisture as byproduct of air-cooling units in Oman

Providing water for different uses to maintain life activities is a target for many nations. So, managing the existing water resources and finding new water sources are essential for any nation's water security. In the present article, 4 years daily meteorological data, such as relative humidity, air-temperatures, and global solar irradiation were analyzed to support the explanation of high-level humidity in the coastal plains of Oman, and the effect of that on water production from atmospheric moisture. What applies to the coast of Oman is also valid on the coasts of the Gulf Cooperation Council. It is found that the annual mean value of the RH% along the Omani coast is about 68% for 4 years (2016–2019). Also, the study of the air-temperatures data revealed very clear decreasing in the direction toward the south of Oman due to the geographical diversity. It is found that the lowest annual air- temperatures were in the far south city, Dhalkut (about Max., Mean, Min., 25, 22, 20 °C, respectively). Three years (2017–2019) of global solar irradiation data of Muscat International Airport showed a maximum value of around 7300 W/m2 in June. In addition, a part of the research work was to investigate the byproduct drain-water that comes out from big air-cooling units with a rate power of about 21.73 kW each. The result indicated that a Net Annual Rate of freshwater of about 1892 m3/year can be accumulated from one supermarket air-cooling units nearby the line coast of Oman. Also, the chemical, physical, and bacterial tests were carried out to find some parameters, such as TDS, EC, pH, and bacterial contamination. The results were encouraging towards the purity of the byproduct water, and the existing bacteria could be killed by solar energy.