Mehr literarischer Entdecker als Polarheld: Arthur Conan Doyles Reise in die Arktis (1880)

Hört man den Namen Arthur Conan Doyle, so denkt man natürlich zunächst an seinen literarischen Helden und Meisterdetektiv Sherlock Holmes, weniger an den Schriftsteller selbst. Doch nicht nur Londons Verbrechensbekämpfer Nr. 1 und sein getreuer Kompagnon Dr. John Watson haben zahlreiche Abenteuer erlebt und Gefahren getrotzt, auch deren Erfinder kann auf ein aufregendes und mitunter lebensgefährliches Unternehmen zurückblicken – das überdies vielfältige Inspirationen für dessen literarisches Schaffen bereithielt. Der vorliegende Artikel nimmt dieses Abenteuer, das Doyle im Alter von 20 Jahren als Mitglied und Schiffsarzt auf einem englischen Walfänger erlebte, in den Blick und fragt danach, wie der noch junge Medizinstudent die Arktis als Natur- und Gefahrenraum wahrnahm, von ihr beeinflusst wurde und in einem ihm fremden, sozialen Milieu agierte.

John Watson (1807–1863) and his Pioneer Work On the Surgery of Esophagus

Backround. John Watson (1807-1863) was the first surgeon in USA who performed and published his results on esophagotomy. Methods. His pioneer surgical work was a gold standard reference for the later surgeons. Results. Watson was a devoted surgeon and his innovative operating techniques secured him a place in the hall of fame of the history of medicine.

Hymns, Songs, and the Pursuit of Freedom

The most recent biographer of Richard Allen (1760–1831) calls him a ‘Black Founding Father’, and the hymn books he published played their part in supporting his unyielding conviction that life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness belonged no less to black Americans than to whites. The hymn texts bear witness to Christian faith at a crucial period in the history of American Christianity, but they cannot be appreciated without the wider context of performance practice and social customs. Central to this context is the tension in Allen’s day between ‘Methodist enthusiasm’ and ‘law-and-order religion’—especially where this is racially encoded. The article will consider representative contributions from opposing sides, published in Philadelphia during Allen’s lifetime, by John Watson and Thomas Everard. Embedded in debates about the repertoire of hymns and songs, and the attendant performance practice, is an argument about human freedom before God. Within and beyond the covers of his hymnbooks, Richard Allen promoted an integral sense of Christian freedom that is inextricably religious, ecclesiastical, cultural, social, political, and eschatological.

Erraticism in the Cannibal – A Study of the Work of Thomas Harris

Literature is the key to human life that resurrects and gives space for introspection, retrospection and various remembrances which are hued by overjoy, pain and trauma. Nowadays crime literature became one of the most popular genres in this era which centers mostly on murder and violence. It started from Edgar Allen Poe’s most famous fictional character Auguste Dupin, whose first appearance was on The Murders in the Rue Mogue, considered to be the first crime fiction, followed by Dr. John Watson, Sherlock Holmes and the like. The genre crime fiction has contributed innumerable number of works in both fiction and non-fiction. Thomas Harris’s Hannibal Rising is one such fiction which tells about the life of a serial killer who is a psychiatrist as well as a cannibal. It is a series of novels about the famous character Hannibal Lecter. Cannibalism and Psychiatry are two extremes which rarely meet. This novel is intertwined with a mix of violence, emotions and childhood trauma. Trauma studies nowadays became a key aspect in literature. In this specific work of Thomas Harris, he describes how the centralized character is affected with psychological trauma, in particular, Acute and Separation trauma. Trauma theory became popularized in 1980s and played major role in Atwood’s novels. This study tries to explain how childhood shapes a person and how behaviorism plays a vital element in one’s life and it also tries to analyze the psychological issues, trauma and defense mechanism through the central character of the novel.

The Scottish Theological Diaspora

Scots were disproportionately influential in the founding of Canadian educational institutions and Scottish Common Sense philosophy was almost universal as the context for theological discussion in nineteenth-century Anglophone Canada. When Common Sense was challenged by the theory of evolution in the latter half of the nineteenth century, it was replaced by another Scottish philosophy, the idealism of Edward Caird, which presented religious belief as itself an evolutionary phenomenon. This chapter traces the influence of Scottish philosophy on prominent Scoto-Canadian philosopher-theologians, including Thomas McCulloch, J. W. Dawson, John Clark Murray, John Watson, Lily Dougall, and Walter Williamson Bryden.

CONCEPTUAL IDEAS AND ORIENTATORS OF THE NOTHERN AMERICAN MODEL OF ADULT EDUCATION

The article deals with conceptual ideas and orientators of Northern American model of adult education. It is substantiated, that Nothern American model of adult education is based on the following philosophical directions: liberalism, progressivism, behaviorism, humanism, radicalism, constructivism. Liberalism has ancient roots and comes from the fact that since man is the real source of progress in society, it is necessary to ensure his rights and freedoms, providing equal access to education regardless of social status and well-being. The basic principle of liberal education is singled out, in particular, to develop a personality that is consonant with the purpose of a liberal education in ancient times - the education of citizens who can become active participants in a democratic society. It is proved that non-formal adult education should be continuous, focus on the development of intellectual abilities, be accessible to all sections of the population, and its content must meet their needs. It was found out that the historical roots of the philosophy of progressivism associated with progressive political movement in society and education. Its basis is the concept of interaction between education and society, empirical theory of education democratization of education. It was found out that behavioral direction, whose founder was John Watson, appeared in the USA in the early XX century. Based on the theory of Pavlov's conditioned reflexes, his supporters (J. Watson, B. Sninner E. Thorndike) examined personality as a set of behavioral responses to stimuli of the environment. It is identified that the purpose of adult education - behavior modification adult-oriented changes in humans. It was proved, that unlike behaviorists, representatives of humanistic direction (J. Brown, Johnson, Maslow, M. Knowles, K. Rogers, etc.) considered man independent, active, open to change and self-actualization person. It was stressed, that the founders of the radical trend, based on theories of anarchism, marxism, socialism, considering education in general and adult education, in particular, as an important mechanism to achieve radical changes in society. It updates the social role of non-formal adult education, because it requires critical thinking and personal participation in these changes. It was found out, that according to philosophy of constructivism person is unique in his/her vision of the world, beliefs, outlook because he/she is able to construct his/her personal understanding of reality. A teacher is not just a transmitter of knowledge,he/she serves as the consultant, moderator, facilitator. The analysis of scientific literature showed that adult education in the USA has evolved with the development of society, and has a long history and some traditions, mainly seen as informal adult education, aimed at self-improvement of adult to meet his/her educational needs; mechanism of civil society formation.