Narcotic Drug Smell Mimics for Dog Training at Cynological Departments: Composition, Principle of Action, and Legal Frame work of their Use

Introduction. Involvement of cynological departments to narcotics identification is widely used due to high sensitivity of canine olfaction. Problem Statement. Currently, cynological departments of the MIA of Ukraine can use the samples of original narcotics in detector dogs learning and training for the purpose of developing or maintaining of the corresponding skill. However, narcotics are the substances under control; therefore, special normative procedures for their obtaining, usage, storage, and utilization exist. This order greatly complicates dogs training. The use of original narcotics is reasonable in special cynological schools during basic learning of detector dogs. Further training in departments is oriented to maintain skills and, as a rule, is carried out using pseudo narcotic scents, which does not contain original narcotics and does not possess narcotic activity. Majority of such pseudo narcotic scents is of foreign production and are expensive. This fact does not allow to provide with training aids all the cynological departments of the MIA of Ukraine. Moreover, these pseudo narcotic scents are of limited range. Purpose. The purpose of this research is to develop domestic pseudo narcotic scents with extended range, which would not possess narcotic activity, but have similar odor properties like original narcotics and are cheaper in comparison to foreign counterparts. Materials and Methods. Pseudo narcotic scents of cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine, opium, and poppy straw were developed. These training aids consist of inert carrying agent and volatile organic impurities from narcotics. These training aids were tested with involvement of 12 detector dogs of the cynological departments of the National Policy of Ukraine and State border service of Ukraine. Results. Pseudo narcotic canine training aids for cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine, opium, and poppy straw were created and tested with detector dogs. It was shown that odorological profile of pseudo scents agreed with original narcotics. Conclusions. Pseudo narcotic scents which are perspective for introduction into production and further usage as canine training aids in cynological departments have been established.

Working qualities of search dogs of German and Belgian shepherd breeds

The main tasks for which canine units of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine use search dogs are: inspection of various areas and search operations to identify persons who have committed or intend to commit offenses, their odors and things, detection of persons moving or hiding in the condition of limited visibility in the area; prosecution of offenders, their detention, protection and escort; inspection of trucks and localization of persons hiding in these vehicles; odorological identification of odorous traces of detainees and their belongings; strengthening the personal security of law enforcement officers during their service; psychological impact on offenders. The fundamentals for the active use of dogs in official activities are the physiological features of the olfactory analyser and the physical capabilities of the dog's body. The most common breeds used to perform the outlined tasks are: German shepherd, Bloodhound, Belgian shepherd (Malinois) and others. The article reflects the comparative characteristics of the working qualities of search dogs of German and Belgian (Malinois) shepherd dogs of different sexes and ages. The study was conducted on service dogs in the Canine Training Center of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine located in Velyki Mosty, Sokal district, Lviv region. The working qualities of search dogs were assessed by the skills of obedience, protection, pursuit of a person on his odor trail, secure of the area and detection of a person hiding and moving, selection of odorous objects (things), search and detection of objects (things). It is fixed that the working qualities of search dogs are influenced by breed and sex. Among the males of the German and Belgian (Malinois) Shepherd breeds, the service dogs of the German Shepherd breed were noted for the best working qualities, and among the female – the Belgian Shepherd (Malinois) breeds. A generalized assessment of all four sections of the studied breeds showed that the best performance was in males of the German Shepherd breed (325.4 points) and females of the Belgian Shepherd breed (Malinois) (325.9 points), and among individuals of different sexes – males compared to females of the German Shepherd breed and females compared to males of the Belgian Shepherd (Malinois) breed. Two-year-old males and one-year-old females of the German shepherd breed and two-year-old females of the Belgian Shepherd breed (Malinois) were noted for the best working qualities in terms of skills to be evaluated. As for males of the last breed, their testing qualities almost did not depend on age. The strength of the influence of the breed of service dogs on their working qualities in the skills to be assessed ranged from 0.6 to 6.8 %, sex – from 0.1 to 7.3 % and age - from 0.1 to 11.4 %. The general assessment of service dogs in all sections was generally influenced by their age (1.6 %).