EKSPLOITASI FAUNA DI SITUS LIANGAN, TEMANGGUNG: KAJIAN ARKEOZOOLOGI

Liangan is a settlement site of Old Mataram in periodic of VI-X AD. Various aspects of ancient Javanese culture has been recovered from Liangan site, but has never been examined the relationship between human and fauna in the past. The study aims to determine the pattern of faunal exploitation through archaeozoological approach, which use ecofact (faunal bones and teeth) that were found in the 2016 excavation campaign. This study conducts qualitative analysis of morphological character of the bones and teeth. Archaeozoological study is covering biological aspects of fauna, and cultural aspects related to human activity. These aspects are including anatomical preservation condition, taphonomy (deposition process), taxonomy (species), age estimation and faunal diet pattern. In the result, mainly bones and teeth are identified as buffalo (Bubalus sp). Taphonomical preservation condition of buffalo bone indicating faunal exploitation for human consumption. The climatic condition of Sindoro highland which is not buffalo’s natural habitat indicates an intensive human intervention as domestication. This study shows that buffalo on Liangan site eat more leaves as browser which probably supplied by human. Liangan adalah sebuah situs permukiman masa Mataram Kuna yang dihuni pada sekitar abad VI-X Masehi. Berbagai aspek budaya masyarakat Jawa Kuna telah berhasil diungkap dari situs Liangan, namun belum ada yang mengkaji relasi antara manusia dan fauna di situs ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola eksploitasi fauna pada masa lampau melalui pendekatan arkeozoologi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan arkeozoologi, dengan data ekofak berupa tulang dan gigi fauna yang ditemukan pada penelitian 2016. Analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif terhadap karakter morfologi (aspek bentuk) yang masih terpreservasi pada tulang dan gigi fauna. Studi arkeozoologi dalam penelitian ini mencakup beberapa aspek biologis fauna, dan aspek kultural yang berhubungan dengan pola tingkah laku manusia. Aspek-aspek tersebut meliputi kondisi preservasi anatomi, tafonomi (proses deposisi), taksonomi (jenis fauna), estimasi usia dan pola diet fauna. Hasilnya, diketahui bahwa hampir keseluruhan tulang dan gigi fauna di situs Liangan berasal dari jenis Kerbau (Bubalus sp). Kondisi preservasi dan tafonomi tulang kerbau mengindikasikan adanya eksploitasi fauna untuk dikonsumsi. Kondisi lingkungan dataran tinggi Sindoro yang tidak banyak menyediakan padang rumput sebagai habitat alami Kerbau, mendorong campur tangan intensif manusia dalam bentuk domestikasi. Berdasarkan studi gigigeligi diketahui pula bahwa Kerbau di situs Liangan lebih banyak mengkonsumsi daun (browser) yang asalnya kemungkinan besar disediakan oleh manusia.

EKSPLOITASI FAUNA DI SITUS LIANGAN, TEMANGGUNG: KAJIAN ARKEOZOOLOGI

Liangan is a settlement site of Old Mataram in periodic of VI-X AD. Various aspects of ancient Javanese culture has been recovered from Liangan site, but has never been examined the relationship between human and fauna in the past. The study aims to determine the pattern of faunal exploitation through archaeozoological approach, which use ecofact (faunal bones and teeth) that were found in the 2016 excavation campaign. This study conducts qualitative analysis of morphological character of the bones and teeth. Archaeozoological study is covering biological aspects of fauna, and cultural aspects related to human activity. These aspects are including anatomical preservation condition, taphonomy (deposition process), taxonomy (species), age estimation and faunal diet pattern. In the result, mainly bones and teeth are identified as buffalo (Bubalus sp). Taphonomical preservation condition of buffalo bone indicating faunal exploitation for human consumption. The climatic condition of Sindoro highland which is not buffalo’s natural habitat indicates an intensive human intervention as domestication. This study shows that buffalo on Liangan site eat more leaves as browser which probably supplied by human.

The Bear in the Grave: Exploitation of Top Predator and Herbivore Resources in First Millennium Sweden—First Trends from a Long-Term Research Project

This paper focusses on animal remains associated with archaeological contexts dated to the middle and later phases of the Scandinavian Iron Age, which corresponds to the first millennium AD. The main question to be addressed is whether this record can be used for identifying human impact on certain animal populations for modelling faunal exploitation and interregional trade. In the first part of the paper, we undertake a detailed inventory of animal finds recorded in published excavation reports, research catalogues, and in existing databases maintained primarily by the Historical Museum in Stockholm. We compare the chronological pattern identified in the burial assemblages with a chronological sequence retrieved from pitfall hunting systems located in the Scandinavian inland region. The chronologies of the animal finds from burials and the pitfall systems are then compared with dated pollen-analytical sequences retrieved in the inland region and additional archaeological assemblages, such as graves and hoards of Roman coins. In our discussion, we outline an interregional model of faunal exploitation between AD 300 and 1200, including the possible location of hunting grounds and end-distribution areas for animal products. The paper provides deeper insights into the burial record of the middle Iron Age, arguing for the need for broader interregional approaches, and focussed archaeological research in the inland regions of Scandinavia.

Faunal Quantification and the Ascendance of Hunting Debate: Reevaluation of the Data from Southeastern California

The debate regarding the underlying motivations for large game hunting in western North America has ensued in American Antiquity for over a decade. Empirical support for the original argument for costly signaling hunting by Hildebrandt and McGuire partly derived from a regional synthesis of faunal data from southeastern California that demonstrated a spike in artiodactyl hunting during the Middle Archaic. This spike is primarily driven by the faunal assemblage from a single, highelevation site located in the White Mountains of southeastern California. It was suspected that this anomaly was a reflection of analytical differences in taxonomic identifications among faunal analysts. Contrary to expectations, it was discovered that taxonomic identifications were conservative. Instead, the previously reported number of identified specimens for artiodactyls was calculated in a manner inconsistent with other analyses in the region. When corrected, the regional data show a pattern of faunal exploitation that is consistent with expectations derived from optimal foraging theory.