Analysis of M4 Transmembrane Segments in NMDA Receptor Function: A Negative Allosteric Modulatory Site at the GluN1 M4 is Determining the Efficiency of Neurosteroid Modulation

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are tetrameric ligand-gated ion channels that play a crucial role in excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Each subunit contributes with three helical transmembrane segments (M1, M3, and M4) and a pore loop (M2) to form the channel pore. Recent studies suggest that the architecture of all eukaryotic iGluRs derives from a common prokaryotic ancestral receptor that lacks M4 and consists only of transmembrane segments M1 and M3. Although significant contribution has emerged in the last years, the role of this additionally evolved transmembrane segment in iGluR assembly and function remains unclear. Here, we have investigated how deletions and mutations of M4 in members of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subfamily, the conventional heteromeric GluN1/GluN2 and glycine-gated GluN1/GluN3 NMDARs, affect expression and function in Xenopus oocytes. We show that deletion of M4 in the GluN1, GluN2A, or GluN3A subunit, despite retained receptor assembly and cell surface expression, results in nonfunctional membrane receptors. Coexpression of the corresponding M4 as an isolated peptide in M4-deleted receptors rescued receptor function of GluN1/GluN2A NMDARs without altering the apparent affinity of glutamate or glycine. Electrophysiological analyses of agonist-induced receptor function and its modulation by the neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate (PS) at mutations of the GluN1-M4/GluN2/3-transmembrane interfaces indicate a crucial role of position M813 in M4 of GluN1 for functional coupling to the core receptor and the negative modulatory effects of PS. Substitution of residues and insertion of interhelical disulfide bridges confirmed interhelical interactions of positions in M4 of GluN1 with residues of transmembrane segments of neighboring subunits. Our results show that although M4s in NMDARs are not important for receptor assembly and surface expression, the residues at the subunit interface are substantially involved in M4 recognition of the core receptor and regulation of PS efficacy. Because mutations in the M4 of GluN1 specifically resulted in loss of PS-induced inhibition of GluN1/GluN2A and GluN1/GluN3A NMDAR currents, our results point to distinct roles of M4s in NMDAR modulation and highlight the importance of the evolutionarily newly evolved M4 for selective in vivo modulation of glutamate- and glycine-activated NMDARs by steroids.

Analysis of M4 transmembrane domains in NMDA receptor function: a negative allosteric modulation site at the GluN1 M4 is determining the efficiency of neurosteroid modulation

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are tetrameric ligand-gated ion channels that play a crucial role in excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Each subunit contributes with three transmembrane domains (M1, M3, and M4) and a pore loop (M2) forming the channel pore. Recent studies suggest that the architecture of all eukaryotic iGluRs derives from a common prokaryotic ancestral receptor that lacks M4 and consists only of the transmembrane domain segments M1-M3. Although a crucial contribution of M4 to the assembly and trafficking of iGluRs is suspected, the role of this additionally evolved domain in receptor function remains controversial. Here, we investigated how deletions and mutations of M4 in members of the NMDA receptor subfamily, the conventional heteromeric GluN1/GluN2 and glycine-gated GluN1/GluN3 NMDA receptors, affect expression and function in Xenopus oocytes. We show that deletion of M4 in the GluN1, GluN2, or GluN3 subunit, despite retained receptor assembly and cell surface expression, results in nonfunctional membrane receptors. Coexpression of the corresponding M4 domains as an isolated peptide in M4-deleted receptors rescued receptor function of GluN1/GluN2A NMDARs without altering the affinity of glutamate or glycine. Substitution of non-conserved residues and insertion of interhelical disulfide bridges confirmed the proximity of positions M813 and F817 in M4 of GluN1 to residues of the TMs of neighboring subunits. Electrophysiological analyses of agonist-induced receptor function and its modulation by the neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate (PS) at mutations of the GluN1-M4/GluN2/3-TM interface indicate a crucial role of interdomain interactions in the functional coupling of M4 to the nuclear receptor and the modulatory effect of PS. Our results show that although the M4 domains in NMDA receptors are not important for receptor assembly and surface expression, residues at the subunit interface are substantially involved in M4 recognition to the core receptor and regulation of PS efficacy. Because mutations in the M4 of GluN1 specifically resulted in loss of PS-induced inhibition of NMDA receptor currents, our results point to distinct roles of M4s in NMDA receptor modulation and highlight the importance of evolutionarily newly evolved M4s for selective in vivo modulation of glutamate- and glycine-activated NMDA receptors by steroids.

Interconversion between Anticipatory and Active GID E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Conformations via Metabolically Driven Substrate Receptor Assembly

SUMMARYCells respond to environmental changes by toggling metabolic pathways, preparing for homeostasis, and anticipating future stresses. For example, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, carbon stress-induced gluconeogenesis is terminated upon glucose availability, a process that involves the multiprotein E3 ligase, GIDSR4, recruiting N-termini and catalyzing ubiquitylation of gluconeogenic enzymes. Here, genetics, biochemistry, and cryo electron microscopy define molecular underpinnings of glucose-induced degradation. Unexpectedly, carbon stress induces an inactive anticipatory complex (GIDAnt), which awaits a glucose-induced substrate receptor to form the active GIDSR4. Meanwhile, other environmental perturbations elicit production of an alternative substrate receptor assembling into a related E3 ligase complex. The intricate structure of GIDAnt enables anticipating and ultimately binding various N-degron targeting (i.e. “N-end rule”) substrate receptors, while the GIDSR4 E3 forms a clamp-like structure juxtaposing substrate lysines with the ubiquitylation active site. The data reveal evolutionarily conserved GID complexes as a family of multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligases responsive to extracellular stimuli.