SERVICE BOOK OR HOW TO ENHANCE THE RELIABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

No one doubts that in the technical specifications (TU) for complex agricultural machinery (grain-harvesting combines), it is necessary to set reliability indicators. However, in practice, they are usually not fulfilled, due to the fact that the test conditions set in the TU never correspond to the actual conditions of the agrophone, under which the reliability assessment is carried out. It is proposed to increase the reliability of complex agricultural machinery to calculate the resources of parts, Assembly units and aggregates, make them mul-tiples of THAT and, as recommendations for replace-ment, put it in the Service books of complex agricul-tural machinery.No one doubts that in the technical specifications (TU) for complex agricultural machinery (grain-harvesting combines), it is necessary to set reliability indicators. However, in practice, they are usually not fulfilled, due to the fact that the test conditions set in the TU never correspond to the actual conditions of the agrophone, under which the reliability assessment is carried out. It is proposed to increase the reliability of complex agricultural machinery to calculate the resources of parts, Assembly units and aggregates, make them mul-tiples of THAT and, as recommendations for replace-ment, put it in the Service books of complex agricul-tural machinery.No one doubts that in the technical specifications (TU) for complex agricultural machinery (grain-harvesting combines), it is necessary to set reliability indicators. However, in practice, they are usually not fulfilled, due to the fact that the test conditions set in the TU never correspond to the actual conditions of the agrophone, under which the reliability assessment is carried out. It is proposed to increase the reliability of complex agricultural machinery to calculate the resources of parts, Assembly units and aggregates, make them mul-tiples of THAT and, as recommendations for replace-ment, put it in the Service books of complex agricul-tural machinery.

Prayers for every occasion in the Zograf prayer books from 15–18 c.

The article presents data about the inheritors of the Old Bulgarian Prayers for Every Occasion which are known to scholars thanks to the Glagolitic Euchologium Sinaiticum from the 10th century. They were discovered in the manuscript prayer- and divine service books kept in the Zograf library on Mount Athos. The respective euchological texts are described in the manuscripts in chronological order by century; they are identified in accordance with their Glagolitic prototypes and their Greek parallels are given.

Vigils of the saints and the stational liturgy of Milan

Vigils, an important and eventually troublesome component of the cult of the saints, are attested to in the fourth century by Sts Ambrose, Jerome and Augustine. In Gregorian regions nearly all these penitential observances were prohibited by a synod in Rouen in 1231, and have been virtually ignored in the scholarly literature. In the Ambrosian orbit, Vigils remained an extraordinarily important part of the public liturgy until the end of the Middle Ages; however, the treatment of these offices in the Milanese service books presents a confused picture that can only be pieced together with some difficulty. In clarifying the practices of Vigils, certain details are brought to light concerning the two other examples of the external episcopal liturgy of Milan (the three-day Litany in the week following Ascension, and the daily stations at both the ancient baptistries of the city), and even important details about the practices in the cathedrals themselves, practices concerning which the ordinal is silent, ambiguous or even misleading.

Re-Bound Book Covers from the Island of Piirissaar, Estonia

Old Believers’ service books from the Piirissaar house of prayer in Estonia were rescued from a fire and the damaged oak boards of the wooden covers of one of the books were dendrochronologically dated back to AD 1353. The dendrochronological reference shows that the oak wood originates from East Pomerania-Gdansk region. The intriguing fact is that the book was not printed until 1879 in Moscow. The seemingly contradictory dates and locations can be explained by the adventurous history of the Old Believers sects in Russia. The Old Believers were suppressed during the Russian Orthodox Church reforms between 1652 and 1666 and many of them escaped to remote marginal areas of the empire or emigrated, e.g. to Rzeczpospolita. Due to lively communication between the Old Believers’ congregations, their literature moved from country to country. In this case, a newer book of the Old Believers was bound with old wooden covers from Poland.

Possible Reasons for the Beginning of Book Printing in Russia: Some Preliminary Notes – О возможных причинах начала книгопечатания в России

This article examines the factors that influenced the creation of the first Russian (so-called “anonymous”) printing press around 1553. The article shows that the first attempts to introduce printing took place as early as the 1540s (as seen in the Hans Schlitte mission and in a letter from Ivan IV to the Danish King Christian III). Thus the Sloglav Council (1551) or the conquest of Kazan (1552) could not be the immediate reasons for the introduction of printing in Russia. The direct reason was the need to standardize church service books. The article argues that the production of printed books in Russia also greatly accelerated as a result of the fire in Moscow in 1547, which destroyed an enormous quantity of books in the libraries in the capital. The capacities of the existing scriptoria in Moscow at the time were insufficient to restore quickly the large quantities of books lost in the fire. It became necessary to employ new methods for replacing the lost books (first and foremost, liturgical books). This study is based in a wide range of sources, including materials connected with the so-called “Viskovatyi Affair,” chronicles, the Tale of the Moscow Fire of 1547, the Book of Degrees, marginalia and other inscriptions found in some books, inventories compiled by the scribal staffs in chanceries, the colophon of the 1564 Apostol, and other sources.

Ambrosian Mass chants before the Carolingian intervention

ABSTRACTThe service books of the Ambrosian rite were produced relatively late: the oldest copy of the Manuale, the first to record the texts and some rubrics, dates from the early eleventh century; the earliest redaction of the ordinal, from shortly after 1126; the oldest copy of the antiphoner, which contains the notated melodies of both Mass and Office, from the mid-twelfth. All these books document a liturgy that had been extensively revised after the Frankish conquest of northern Italy in 774. The Frankish reforms did not result in the suppression of the Milanese rite (as they had the Gallican), but many changes were effected, changes that brought the ancient liturgy of northern Italy – without destroying all of its indigenous features – closer to the new, international, Gregorian rite. The purpose of this article is to re-examine the earliest references to the Mass of pre-Conquest Milan and its archdiocese, which reveal more than has been suspected, and to present new evidence concerning the Ambrosian sacrifice as it was in the earliest centuries, even before the time of St Ambrose.