Possible Reasons for the Beginning of Book Printing in Russia: Some Preliminary Notes – О возможных причинах начала книгопечатания в России

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 229-247
Author(s):  
А.С. Усачев
Keyword(s):  
Printing Press ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Book Printing ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Church Service ◽  
Enormous Quantity ◽  
Service Books

This article examines the factors that influenced the creation of the first Russian (so-called “anonymous”) printing press around 1553. The article shows that the first attempts to introduce printing took place as early as the 1540s (as seen in the Hans Schlitte mission and in a letter from Ivan IV to the Danish King Christian III). Thus the Sloglav Council (1551) or the conquest of Kazan (1552) could not be the immediate reasons for the introduction of printing in Russia. The direct reason was the need to standardize church service books. The article argues that the production of printed books in Russia also greatly accelerated as a result of the fire in Moscow in 1547, which destroyed an enormous quantity of books in the libraries in the capital. The capacities of the existing scriptoria in Moscow at the time were insufficient to restore quickly the large quantities of books lost in the fire. It became necessary to employ new methods for replacing the lost books (first and foremost, liturgical books). This study is based in a wide range of sources, including materials connected with the so-called “Viskovatyi Affair,” chronicles, the Tale of the Moscow Fire of 1547, the Book of Degrees, marginalia and other inscriptions found in some books, inventories compiled by the scribal staffs in chanceries, the colophon of the 1564 Apostol, and other sources.

Possession and Repetition

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 243-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohan Yoo
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Sacred Texts ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lay Buddhists ◽  
Iconic Status ◽  
And Function ◽  
To Receive

This article demonstrates the need for the iconic status and function of Buddhist scripture to receive more attention by illuminating how lay Korean Buddhists try to appropriate the power of sutras. The oral and aural aspects of scripture, explained by Wilfred Cantwell Smith, provide only a limited understanding of the characteristics of scripture. It should be noted that, before modern times, most lay people, not only in Buddhist cultures but also in Christian and other traditions, neither had the chance to recite scriptures nor to listen to their recitations regularly. Several clear examples demonstrate contemporary Korean Buddhists’ acceptance of the iconic status of sutras and their attempt to appropriate the power and status of those sacred texts. In contemporary Korea, lay Buddhists try to claim the power of scriptures in their daily lives by repeating and possessing them. Twenty-first century lay believers who cannot read or recite in a traditional style have found new methods of repetition, such as internet programs for copying sacred texts and for playing recordings of their recitations. In addition, many Korean Buddhists consider the act of having sutras in one’s possession to be an effective way of accessing the sacred status and power of these texts. Hence, various ways of possessing them have been developed in a wide range of products, from fancy gilded sutras to sneakers embroidered with mantras.

A comparison of traceable spatial angle autocollimator calibrations performed by PTB and VTT MIKES

Metrologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf D Geckeler ◽  
Matthias Schumann ◽  
Andreas Just ◽  
Michael Krause ◽  
Antti Lassila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Systematic Measurement ◽  
Motivating Factors ◽  
Optical Surface ◽  
Transfer Standard ◽  
Surface Normal ◽  
National Metrology Institutes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Creation

Abstract Autocollimators are versatile devices for angle metrology used in a wide range of applications in engineering and manufacturing. A modern electronic autocollimator generally features two measuring axes and can thus fully determine the surface normal of an optical surface relative to it in space. Until recently, however, the calibration capabilities of the national metrology institutes were limited to plane angles. Although it was possible to calibrate both measuring axes independently of each other, it was not feasible to determine their crosstalk if angular deflections were present in both axes simultaneously. To expand autocollimator calibrations from plane angles to spatial angles, PTB and VTT MIKES have created dedicated calibration devices which are based on different measurement principles and accomplish the task of measurand traceability in different ways. Comparing calibrations of a transfer standard makes it possible to detect systematic measurement errors of the two devices and to evaluate the validity of their uncertainty budgets. The importance of measurand traceability via calibration for a broad spectrum of autocollimator applications is one of the motivating factors behind the creation of both devices and for this comparison of the calibration capabilities of the two national metrology institutes. The latter is the focus of the work presented here.

scholarly journals 3D Modelling, Animation and Simulation of Mammal’s Migration Across Roads

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Jozef Talapka ◽  
Ján Hlubík ◽  
Patrik Kamencay ◽  
Róbert Hudec
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
3D Modelling ◽  
Traffic Networks ◽  
Creation Process ◽  
New Methods ◽  
The Creation

Abstract The presented article is dealing with the new methods which are designated for data collection of mammals migrating across traffic networks. Nowadays, road construction and securing of older roads is usually accompanied by finding new solutions. Because of lack of collected data we have new opportunities how we can collect this input. The article below describes the most efficient method which is suitable for the model creation, process of creation and issues which are connected with the creation of simulations.

scholarly journals A preservação de acervos históricos no estado de Minas Gerais: Projeto Memorial da Imprensa de Uberaba – criação da Hemeroteca Digital do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaíba (The preservation of historical...)

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (25) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Vilma Moreira dos Santos ◽  
Thiago Veloso Vitral ◽  
Alessandra Palhares
Keyword(s):  
Digital Library ◽  
Digital Libraries ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Printing Press ◽  
Third Body ◽  
Main Achievement ◽  
Historical Collections ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Anglo American

<p>O Projeto <strong>Memorial da Imprensa de Uberaba: criação da Hemeroteca Digital do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaíba </strong>constitui, provavelmente, o maior investimento do estado de Minas Gerais em um projeto individual na área de preservação de acervos documentais históricos. O projeto conta com o financiamento da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). Foi concebido e vem sendo executado por parceria firmada entre a Secretaria de Estado de Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (SECTES/MG) e a Secretaria de Estado de Cultura (SEC/MG), por meio do Arquivo Público Mineiro (APM), órgão coordenador do Projeto e da Superintendência de Bibliotecas Públicas (SUB). Conta ainda com a participação do Arquivo Público de Uberaba. A partir das diretrizes de regionalização da política cultural do Estado, o resultado principal do projeto será a implantação de um polo de digitalização de acervos documentais históricos no Arquivo Público de Uberaba, que deverá atuar como órgão catalizador e executor de projetos de digitalização nas regiões acima mencionadas. O projeto se fundamenta nas metodologias de organização, preservação e digitalização de acervos documentais preconizadas pelo <strong>Programa Conservação Preventiva em Bibliotecas e Arquivos</strong>, nas recomendações do Conselho Nacional de Arquivos (CONARQ) e nas regras do Código de Catalogação Anglo-americano (CCAA2).</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>“The Printing Press Memorial of Uberaba: the creation of the newspapers´ digital library of Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba (Minas Gerais, Brazil)” is probably, the biggest project in the field of historical collections preservation ever funded by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais – FAPEMIG. The project was conceived and has been carried out by the Secretaria de Estado de Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior, along with the Secretaria de Estado de Cultura, through the participation of the Arquivo Público Mineiro, the coordinating body, and the Superintendência de Bibliotecas Públicas. The<em> </em>Arquivo Público de Uberaba is the third body involved with the implementation of the project. In accordance with the regionalization policies of the State, the main achievement of the project shall be the creation of a digitalization center of historical collections in the Arquivo Público de Uberaba. This institution shall act as a regional agency for the development of digitalization projects in the regions of Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba. The project is based on the methodologies of organization, preservation and digitalization of historical collections, recommended by the Programa de Conservação Preventiva em Bibliotecas e Arquivos, the guidelines of the Conselho Nacional de Arquivos<em> </em>(CONARQ) and the Anglo American Cataloguing Rules (AACR2).</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Digitalization of Historical collections; Preservation of Historical Collections; Digital Libraries.</p>

scholarly journals Barite-containing radiation protective building materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-98
Author(s):  
Nikolay V. Novikov ◽  
Svetlana V. Samchenko ◽  
Galina E. Okolnikova
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Linear Absorption ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Creation

Due to the active development of industries using nuclear technology, the creation of highly effective and cost-effective building materials for protection against hazardous ionizing radiation is of increasing interest. Widespread in the field of radiation-protective building materials are barite-containing concrete. The purpose of this article is to establish the prospects of their use in nuclear facilities, as well as to find ways to improve their technical and operational characteristics. For this an analysis of relevant literature and scientific research in the field of radiation-protective materials and, in particular, barite-containing concrete was carried out. The advantages of barite-containing concrete are high radiation-protective properties, environmental friendliness, high density, as well as economic indicators. The disadvantages are high susceptibility to shrinkage deformation and poor resistance to cyclic temperature effects. The addition of barite to the concrete composition allows to increase the coefficient of linear absorption of -rays of the material; also, with the proper selection of the composition, such material may have strength characteristics equal to or superior to the characteristics of concrete with standard compositions. Barite-containing materials have a wide range of applications and can be used both for the production of heavy concrete in the construction of load-bearing structures and in the creation of radiation-protective coatings for walls and floors.

scholarly journals SPECIALIZATION AS A SYSTEMIC TOOL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GARMENT INDUSTRY IN DIGITALIZATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (32) ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
L.R. Girfanova ◽  
◽  
R.R. Abdyrasulova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Garment Industry ◽  
Additive Technologies ◽  
Light Industry ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Digital Shadow

The development of digital technologies offers a wide range of opportunities to increase production efficiency, which relies on known tools and methods that transform in modern conditions. Many researchers note that the specialization most characteristic of complex knowledge-intensive industries has high prospects and is evident in all sectors of the national economy. Its combination with cooperation and outsourcing brings momentum to the development of both individual enterprises and the industry as a whole. It has been found that in light industry, which had a developed system of specializations, the return to this practice is difficult due to significant changes in the industries related to the liquidation of large mass production enterprises and the lag in the creation of digital twins, which are the basis at the stage of production preparation. Lost in the process of transition to a market economy, large production with a complete cycle is now successfully replaced by specialized small and medium-sized production, using high-performance equipment combined with modern digital technologies. It is obvious that the garment industry has entered a new cycle of development characterized by a high degree of specialization against the background of the application of digital technologies at all stages of the product life cycle. The significant lag in the application of digital technologies at the stage of production of light industry products is overcome, especially in the transition to additive technologies. It is noted that the digital shadow complements the information digital twin, which is especially relevant from the point of view of production. The introduction of digital technologies in specialized industries allows to achieve higher productivity and payback of invested capital than in standard production, where such investment is "blurred" due to the lag of related processes of the enterprise. It has been revealed that the modern stage of development of light industry is characterized by the application of fundamentally new technologies based on the creation of a digital twin and digital shadow, which create prerequisites for industrial application of additive technologies in industry. Key words: specialization, cooperation, digitalization, development of light industry

scholarly journals Рукописное наследие татарских ученых в фондах Института востоковедения Академии Наук Республики Узбекистан

Islamology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Saidakbar Mukhammadaminov
Keyword(s):  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The article is dedicated to the manuscript heritage of Tatar scholars held in Abu Rayhan Beruni Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, one of the richest manuscript repositories in the world. Works of manuscripts of Tatar theologians such as Abdurahim Utyz-Imyani, Abu al-Nasr Qursawi, Shihabaddin Mardjani, and Hisam al-Din b. Sharaf al- Din al-Bulgari, Kamal al-Din b. Siraj al-Din al-Uribfori al-Kazani, ̒Ayn al-Din b. Jalal al-Din al-Kazani, Abu al-Sharaf Husain b. Abu Umar al- Bulgari, Muhammad Latif b. Abdulislam al-Bulgari are analyzed. Based on a review of the manuscripts, it is established that some of them have not yet been catalogued. It is argued that the works of Tatar scholars were mainly devoted to religious subjects. The role of Tatar scholars in the creation of commentaries and works on legal, medical and Sufi terms is analyzed in order to make the works accessible to a wide range of people seeking knowledge.

22. The Creation of Mortgages

2019 ◽  
pp. 677-690
Author(s):  
Barbara Bogusz ◽  
Roger Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Wide Range ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Primary Materials

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses mortgage creation. It covers the definition of a mortgage; form of a legal mortgage of a fee simple before 1926; equitable right to redeem; equity of redemption; mortgagor retaining possession; legal mortgages after 1925 where land is unregistered; legal mortgages of registered land; charge by way of legal mortgage; types of mortgages; mortgages of leases; equitable mortgage by deposit of deeds (unregistered land); equitable mortgage of registered title (deposit of land certificate); and legal and equitable mortgages after 1989.

18. Creation of Express and Implied Grant of Easements

2019 ◽  
pp. 558-580
Author(s):  
Barbara Bogusz ◽  
Roger Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Wide Range ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law ◽  
Compulsory Purchase ◽  
Primary Materials

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the rules on the creation of an easement. Topics covered include express grant of easements (and profits); express reservation of easements (and profits); implied grant of easements (and profits), which includes ways of necessity, intended easements, the rule in Wheeldon v Burrows and s62 of the Law of Property Act 1925; implied reservation of easements covering necessity and intended easements; exclusion of the rules providing for implied grant and reservation; compulsory purchase and the rules for implied grant; and simultaneous sales or bequests.

Strategic Exploitation of the Wittig Reaction: Facile Synthesis of Heteroaromatics and Multifunctional Olefins

Synlett ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (20) ◽  
pp. 2608-2622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenwei Lin ◽  
Praneeth Karanam ◽  
Ganapuram Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Wittig Reaction ◽  
Coumarin Derivatives ◽  
Facile Synthesis ◽  
Diversity Oriented Synthesis ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Intramolecular Wittig Reaction ◽  
New Synthesis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Industrial Level ◽  
New Strategies

In this account, our group’s efforts towards exploring new substrates as precursors for the Wittig reaction have been discussed. Several new strategies developed by our group for the generation of requisite ylides for the Wittig reaction are highlighted. The idea behind the development of some chemoselective and diversity-oriented strategies are discussed in detail in a progressive manner. These strategies encompass a wide range of substrates that are employed for the synthesis of an array of heterocycles and multifunctional olefins and present a huge scope for their application on an industrial level.1 Introduction2 Development of New Methods to Effect Intramolecular Wittig Reaction3 Development of a Catalytic Wittig Reaction4 New Synthesis of Bis-Heteroarenes5 Direct β-Acylation of 2-Arylidene-1,3-indandiones6 Doubly Chemoselective Protocol for the Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives7 Conclusion

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