Historiography of Scythian migration in the mirror of information technologies

This article is devoted to the insight of the migration process in the diachronic aspect on the example of Scythians history. This choice is caused by the fact that the information about the Scythians, their arrival in Eastern Europe and movements in the ancient Oecumene, is one of the main problems of Scythian archaeology. A significant range of sources contains information about the arrival of the Scythians and their movements in Europe. These sources include both the works of historians of Antiquity and Modern Times, as well as the works of modern archaeologists. The change of ideas about the Scythians migration is reviewed in accordance with the concept of the information technology shifts, which was put forward by Russian scientists Y.L. Shchapova and S.N. Grinchenko, specifically: information technology of articulate speech and language, information technology of writing, information technology of book printing, information technology of computers, information technology of networks. As result, conclusions were drawn from oral traditions about the vision changes on the causes of migration, about the arrival of a mythological hero – first ancestor at an unpopulated land, wars and tribal confrontation in the era of information technology of speech and language and information technology of writing.

Spelling variation and text alignment

In the 15th century, at a time when codification via dictionaries and grammars had not yet taken effect, printers, editors, and compositors were already producing pamphlets and books that had to meet the new requirements of the letterpress, especially as regards the arrangement of white space and uniform line justification (even-margined on the left and right). The following analysis investigates five German editions of the Mirabilia Romae (Marvels of the City of Rome), a well-known pilgrim guide, all printed in 1500 for the contemporaneous Jubilee year and thus for short-term sale. The results show that compositors used different means for text alignment: In addition to deviations in line counts and the repositioning of lines, they chose extended or contracted spelling variants, predominantly on the second half of the page. The most frequent variants are abbreviations in the form of tildes. However, just a few spelling patterns with tildes were used. With respect to explanatory processes in a historical perspective, the results call for a closer consideration of page format, text layout (mise-en-page) and line justification when evaluating spelling variation in early book printing.

Gutenberg és a MOOC

Összefoglaló. Tanulmányunkban a Tömeges Nyitott Online Kurzusok (angolul: Massive Open Online Education, rövidítése MOOC) kialakulásával és óriási méretű növekedésével foglalkozunk. A rövid előzményekkel rendelkező, mai formájában 2011-ben startolt új típusú oktatási forma jelenleg már alapképzéses és mesterképzéses diplomát is ad. Ily módon beszélhetünk MOOC egyetemekről, melyek sok szerző szerint a Christensen-féle romboló újítás megtestesítői a felsőoktatásban. A MOOC népszerűsége egyúttal jelzi, hogy a napjainkban lezajló generációváltás egyben oktástechnikai változással is párosul. Cikkünkben összehasonlítjuk a MOOC egyetemek jóléti hatásait a Gutenberg-féle könyvnyomtatás jóléti hatásaival. A szolgáltatói oldalhoz kapcsolódóan pedig bemutatjuk a MOOC-platformok jelenleg működő finanszírozási modelljeit. Summary. The study analyses the emergence and huge growth of the Massive Open Online Education. This new type of education which started in 2011 in its current form and so has only a very short history, now offers both bachelor’s and master’s degree. MOOC universities are seen by many authors as the embodiment of Christensen’s destructive innovation. At the same time, the popularity of MOOC indicates that the generational change taking place today is accompanied by a change in educational technology. The present paper compares the welfare effects of MOOC universities with the welfare effects of Gutenberg’s book printing. In connection with the service provider side, the paper presents the financing models of the MOOC platforms as well.

Social Influences on the Typographic Medium in the Reformation and Counter-Reformation Period in Bratislava, the Capital of Hungary

Over the centuries, the typographic medium and book printing responded to the political, economic, cultural, and social conditions very sensitively. The author deals with social influences on the development of book printing in Bratislava from the fifteenth century when the first printer is documented in the town. She ponders the reasons for the long absence of typographic activities in Bratislava from the late fifteenth century to the early seventeenth century. Paradoxically, the Reformation gave an impetus to the further development of book printing in Bratislava, as a Catholic printing house was established there in direct response to Reformation printing in Hungary. Therefore, the author also examines the conditions of Reformation printing to which the beginnings of publishing activities are tied in the territory of Slovakia. In the second part of the study, she focuses on Catholic Revival literature published in Bratislava in the seventeenth century, which played an important role in implementing Catholic reforms in Hungary.

About the role of the text transformation in the process of cyclization of an author’s book of verse (“Sumerki” by E. A. Boratynsky and “Prostoe, kak mychanie” by V. Mayakovky)

In this paper the authors compare the two versions of the poetic dedication to P. A. Vyazemsky written by E. A. Boratynsky, the first one appeared in Pushkin’s “Sovremennik” magazine in 1836, the other one was published in Boratynsky’s book of verse “Sumerki” in 1842, and the untitled poem by V. V. Mayakovsky which appeared first in the book “Ya!” in 1913 and then in “Prostoe kak mychanie” in 1916. The transformations of the poems changed not only the meaning of the text but its function and played an important role in constructing of the artistic entity of the books. The authors pay attention not only to the minor changes of the text but also to the editorial and book printing details which are not less important for the meaning of the whole book.

Book publishing in Ukraine in the second half of the 20th century and artistic illustration in the works of V. Poltavets

The purpose of the article is to consider the graphic works of V. Poltavets-illustrator in the context of the development of book printing in Ukraine in the second half of the twentieth century, conduct a comparative analysis of the development of this industry in different eras, and identify their relationship. The methodology of the article is based on the chronological method of historical research, the biographical method, the method of observing the artist’s practical activities in different time periods, the method of analyzing works of art. The scientific novelty consists in the chronological systematization and comparative analysis of typography and graphic art in different historical periods, the study of the continuity of traditions and innovation in art, their interrelation, and a sequential examination of the creative heritage of the famous artist. Conclusion. The analysis shows a high level of development of publishing in Ukraine, the presence of art school and talented illustrators, indicates insufficient scientific coverage of this topic.

THE EFFECT OF LEAD (Pb) LEVELS IN THE BLOOD ON HEMOGLOBIN (Hb) LEVELS IN BOOK PRINTING PERSONNEL ON JALAN KARAH SURABAYA

Lead (Pb) is a metal used as raw material for color pigments in printing ink. Pb exposure caused by printing ink can cause an increase in Pb levels in the blood and a decrease in hemoglobin levels. This study aimed to analyze the effect of Pb levels of ink on Pb levels in blood, as well as the effect of Pb levels in the blood on hemoglobin levels in book printing employees on Jalan Karah Surabaya. This study included analytic observational research, the research design used was the cross-sectional design, and the multiple linear correlation test was used for analysis. The results showed that the Pb level in ink had an effect on the Pb level in the blood (p = 0.000; OR = 0.762). The employee characteristics, namely work period, had an effect on Pb level in blood (p = 0.000; OR = 0.883). Age, use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and personal hygiene do not affect the Pb level in the blood. Pb levels in the blood affect blood hemoglobin levels (p = 0.001; OR = -0.724). Employee characteristics, namely their work period, affect blood hemoglobin levels (p = 0.046; OR = -0.4471). Age and nutritional status did not affect the blood hemoglobin level. The conclusion in this study is that Pb levels in ink increases Pb levels in the blood, and Pb levels in the blood decrease blood hemoglobin levels. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor lead levels in the blood by periodic examination every 6 or 12 months. Book printing personnel should also take supplements containing calcium, iron (Fe), and vitamin C to inhibit lead absorption.Keywords: Pb levels in ink, blood Pb levels, Hb levels, printing employees.

Konstantin Vysotsky and the Media Revolution in a Siberian Regional Town of the Second Half of the 19th Century

The article describes the activities of Konstantin Vysotsky (1836-1886), who was first to open a photographic studio (1866), a lithographic studio (1867), a printing house (1869), and a newspaper (1879) in Tyumen. The first consideration of Vysotsky in the context of the history of the media and their transformations/revolutions contributes to the novelty of the research. It allows for a description of his experience of media transformations in a Siberian regional town of the second half of the 19th century in a systematic way, as opposed to the local and fragmentary descriptions which existed in science until now. The research methodology is integrative in nature: the study of book printing as a cultural practice in connection with economic, social and cultural transformations within the boundaries of cultural history (F. Barbier) is combined with contextual and intertextual approaches, bibliological and structural-typological analysis. The research material contains Vysotsky’s book, photographic, lithographic, and newspaper heritage stored in the Russian National Library, Tobolsk Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve, I.Ya. Slovtsov Museum Complex (Tyumen), and the Digital Collection of the University of Tyumen entitled K.N. Vysotsky and the Media Culture of Tyumen. Vysotsky is presented both as an object and a subject of the economic, technological, social, and cultural transformations of the city. He was actively and creatively changing it. Based on the analysis of Vysotsky’s journalistic and publishing activities, his role in the history of the Tyumen shipping company and railway is revealed. The connection between Vysotsky and the landscape transformations of the city is shown. The idea that Vysotsky’s figure can be interpreted in the context of the phenomenon of new people in Russia in the 1860s-1870s is introduced. It is shown that the Tyumen generation of new people (N.M. Chukmaldin, K.N. Vysotsky, I. A. Kalganov, etc.) with their daily practices (reading, self-education, movement towards “light and will”, a new order in servant-master relations) was being formed largely under the influence of Nikolay Chernyshevsky’s novel What Is to Be Done? Tales of New People (1863), Nikolai Yadrintsev’s ideas of Siberian renovation, Ivan Turgenev’s interpretation of the image of Don Quixote (Hamlet and Don Quixote, 1860). Intertextual connections of the system of motifs revealing the image of new people in Nikolai Chukmaldin’s memoirs Notes on My Life (1902) and Chernyshevsky’s novel are presented. It is established that the first book published by Vysotsky, Charter of the Estate Manager Club in Tyumen, actually became a message about a new life of the city which Vysotsky and Chukmaldin addressed to the people of Tyumen. Another finding is the logic of Vysotsky’s professional development from photography to book printing. The author discusses the structure of the Vysotsky printing house repertoire dominated by documentary and non-fiction genres (road books, statutes, reports, calendars, catalogs, etc.). The complementarity of the book and visual (photographic and lithographic associated with the graphosphere) portraits of Tyumen created by Vysotsky contributed to a new hyper-reality which appeared in the city.