Book Review: Bulgarian Literature as World Literature, edited by Mihaela P. Harper and Dimitar Kambourov (Review Essay)

The essay reviews a recent collection of seminal critical readings of Bulgarian literature as “world literature.” Published by Bloomsbury Academic, the volume under discussion contributes to the study of the dynamic interaction of “minor” literatures with local, regional, and wider manifestations of global literary space. It is organized in four sections of thematic contributions authored by scholars from Bulgaria and beyond that discuss historical, geographical, economic, and genetic processes in the development of Bulgarian literature. The review follows the sections closely, and is attentive to specific phenomena, positions, texts, and contexts that render the concept of “minor literature” negotiable and open to reformulations. As most of the static labels are nowadays flushed into the conglomerate of “marginocentricity” and the reality of “quality literature” is no longer a criterion in the admission of local literatures to worldwide prominence, literary circulation has, to a great extent, become a function of the global market. The publication of the reviewed volume is the outcome of a vigorous effort to establish Bulgaria’s literary location within these processes and beyond them.

PENGGUNAAN EJAAN DALAM PERUMUSAN PERATURAN DAERAH NUSA TENGGARA BARAT The Use of Spelling in West Nusa Tenggara Rules Pattern

AbstrakBahasa Indonesia adalah bahasa negara dan bahasa persatuan. Munculnya varian baru yang mengancam kelestarian bahasa Indonesia menjadi alasan dilakukannya penelitian ini. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk-bentuk kesalahan ejaan dalam Perumusan Peraturan Daerah Nusa Tenggara Barat. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode pustaka sedangkan metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode komparatif. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa kesalahan ejaan yang terdapat dalam perumusan Peraturan Daerah Nusa Tenggara Barat digolongkan ke dalam tiga jenis, yakni: (1) kesalahan penggunaan huruf kapital; (2) kesalahan penggunaan tanda koma; dan (3) kesalahan penggunaan tanda titik dua.Kata-kata kunci: bahasa Indonesia, ragam hukum, kesalahan, ejaan, kapital, dan tanda baca AbstractIndonesian language is official state language and the language of national unity. Theemergence of a new variant that threatens the preservation of Indonesian is the reason for this research. One of the varieties that threatens the maintenance of Indonesian grammatical rules is legal language style. To see how it is different from other varieties, researcher tries to do a research on Indonesian grammatical rule, especially spelling used in legal style. Data source is West Nusa Tenggara Rules Pattern on the Development and Protection of Local Languages and Local Literatures and therefore, the purpose of the study is describe the spelling errors found the rules pattern. Method used to collect data is library method. While analysis method used is comparative method. Result of the analysis shows that there are three spelling errors found in West Nusa Tenggara Rules Pattern on the Development and Protection of Local Languages and Local Literatures. The three errors are (1) capitalization and (2) punctuation, covered comma, and (3) colon.Keywords: Indonesian language, legal style, errors, spelling, capitalization and punctuation.

Specters of World Literature

This book draws on Edward Said, Aamir Mufti, Jacques Derrida, and world-systems theory to address the institutionalized construct of “world literature” from its origins in Goethe and Marx to the present day. It argues that through its history, this construct has served to incorporate if not annul local literatures and the concept of “local literature” itself, and to universalize the novel, the lyric poem, and the stage play as the only literary forms appropriate to modernity. It demonstrates this thesis through a comparative reading of the reinscription of the classical Arabic-Islamic concept of “adab” as “literature” in the modern, European sense in Egypt, Turkey, and Iran in the 19th to mid-20th centuries. It then turns to the Middle Eastern novel in the global contexts of its production, translation, circulation, and reception today. Through new readings of novels and other literary works by Abdelrahman Munif, Naguib Mahfouz, Orhan Pamuk, Azar Nafisi, Yasmin Crowther, and Marjane Satrapi, and with reference to landmarks of Middle Eastern and world literary history ranging from the Mu‘allaqāt and Alf Layla wa Layla to Don Quixote, it argues that these texts—like “world literature” itself—are constitutively haunted by specters of the literary forms and traditions, of the life-worlds that they expressed, cast aside by modernity. In the case of the Middle Eastern novel, it is adab and all that it encompassed in the classical Arab-Islamic world that is suppressed or othered, but that spectral, yet returns in new, genuinely worldly constellations of form.