X-Ray Diffraction of Iron Containing Samples: The Importance of a Suitable Configuration

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a commonly used technology to identify crystalline phases. However, care must be taken with the combination of XRD configuration and sample. Copper (most commonly used radiation source) is a poor match with iron containing materials due to induced fluorescence. Magnetite and maghemite are analysed in different configurations using copper or cobalt radiation. Results show the effects of fluorescence repressing measures and the superiority of diffractograms obtained with cobalt radiation. Diffractograms obtained with copper radiation make incontestable phase identification often impossible. Cobalt radiation on the other hand yields high quality diffractograms, making phase identification straightforward.

Small Angle X-Ray Scattering with Cobalt Radiation for Nanostructure Characterization of Fe-Based Specimen

A laboratory system (NanoSTAR) based on a combination of specially designed X-ray multilayer optics (Göbel Mirrors) with optical bench, pinhole collimators, sample changer and primary beam stop as well as a two dimensional multiwire detector (HI-STAR) was equipped with a sealed cobalt X-ray tube. This solution was chosen because the CoKα has a wavelength close to that of copper but allows to overcome the problem of excessive fluorescence in Fe-samples. Various measurements were performed using this configuration of the NanoSTAR to demonstrate the performance of SAXS using cobalt radiation. A comparison is given to the primary beam intensity of the NanoSTAR with Co radiation with respect to the Cu radiation. Examples for the use of the Co radiation are given by investigating the coarsening behavior of precipitates in several Fe-based alloys. The change in size and shape of these precipitates under different heat treatment conditions are characterized.

Single-beam radiotherapy knife

✓ A feasibility study reveals that a standard linear accelerator, with only slight modification, can function in a manner similar to Leksell's multiple cobalt radiation device. A high radiation dose can be delivered to a 1-cm or 0.5-cm volume target with insignificant radiation effect on the surrounding tissue.

Great Increase of Numbers of Virus Particles by Irradiating C3H Mouse Mammary Tumors Transplanted into Male Mice

Spontaneous mammary tumors in females of a high tumor strain of C3H mice were cut into small fragments that were Implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of the back of males of the same strain, where they grew as transplantable tumors. When about Cm. In diameter daily fractional radiation was begun, applied to the tumors, the rest of the body being shielded by a lead shield. Two groups were treated with 150 and 200 r X-ray dally, of half value layer 0.6mm. copper; a third group was treated with 500 r cobalt radiation dally. The primary purpose was to examine the enzyme changes during radiation, with histochemlcal technics.