The mental, cultural, and educational world of rich freedmen in the Roman Empire can be realistically reconstructed from the evidence throughout Petronius’ Cena. Such a study, supported by other literary texts where possible, and by epigraphic and artistic evidence where appropriate, sheds further light on just those questions of realism, narrative technique, and characterization which are so much in fashion in Petronian studies. It is no surprise to find functional literacy widespread among freedmen, since slave-owners were so easily able to augment the utility and commercial value of their slaves by training them within or outside the household, in basic literacy and in other skills. The latest epigraphic discoveries go far to confirm the general realism of the Cena and to explain some of the problems which Petronius’ text presents in respect of the engrossing question of popular literacy in the Roman world.