Adaptive kernel fuzzy clustering for missing data

Many machine learning procedures, including clustering analysis are often affected by missing values. This work aims to propose and evaluate a Kernel Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm considering the kernelization of the metric with local adaptive distances (VKFCM-K-LP) under three types of strategies to deal with missing data. The first strategy, called Whole Data Strategy (WDS), performs clustering only on the complete part of the dataset, i.e. it discards all instances with missing data. The second approach uses the Partial Distance Strategy (PDS), in which partial distances are computed among all available resources and then re-scaled by the reciprocal of the proportion of observed values. The third technique, called Optimal Completion Strategy (OCS), computes missing values iteratively as auxiliary variables in the optimization of a suitable objective function. The clustering results were evaluated according to different metrics. The best performance of the clustering algorithm was achieved under the PDS and OCS strategies. Under the OCS approach, new datasets were derive and the missing values were estimated dynamically in the optimization process. The results of clustering under the OCS strategy also presented a superior performance when compared to the resulting clusters obtained by applying the VKFCM-K-LP algorithm on a version where missing values are previously imputed by the mean or the median of the observed values.

Γ∗-Relation on Fuzzy Hyperrings and Fundamental Ring

Fundamental relation performs an important role on fuzzy algebraic hyperstructure and is considered as the smallest equivalence relation such that the quotient is a universal algebra. In this paper, we introduce a new fuzzy strongly regular equivalence on fuzzy hyperrings such that the set of the quotient is a ring that is non-commutative. Also, we introduce the concept of a complete part of a fuzzy hyperring and study its principal traits. At last, we convey the relevance between the fundamental relation and complete parts of a fuzzy hyperring.

Individualism and Orientation towards World in Philosophy of Law of L. Feuerbach

The article attempts to find individualist ideas in the philosophy of L. Feuerbach. The completion point of German classical philosophy is Feuerbach’s philosophy, which is also the beginning of the age of materialism and contains a critique of Hegel’s objective idealism and has anthropological nature. Although Feuerbach had a Hegelian period of philosophical development, he proposed the antithesis of his «absolute idealism» — anthropological materialism. According to Feuerbach, only nature and human are single objective real things. He encourages to move from reflection on supernatural things to study of a man and nature, as idealists do. It is determined that L. Feuerbach’s human is the most complete part of eternal nature, and therefore is the starting point of philosophy; its basis should not be an absolute idea, but a human. The philosopher uses the anthropological principle in his own science. The advantages of this principle, in Feuerbach’s opinion, are that they require to consider human essence not in a shadowy world, but in reality and to avoid break between spirit and body, specific for idealistic and dualistic philosophy. According to the thinker, the supreme goal of a human is taking care of himself. Hence, egoism or selfishness, as manifestation of individualism, expresses true essence of human nature. It is found that Feuerbach’s anthropological materialism is based on the following individualist ideas: a human is not a creation of God, not self-consciousness, as according to Hegel, but is the most complete part of eternal nature; the subject of philosophy is a real, living, particular person who has anthropological peculiarities as a natural being; the philosopher considers any human action as harmonization of human behavior with human essence; the supreme goal of a human is taking care of himself; there is no man without selfishness, as egoism is man’s love for himself; egoism or selfishness expresses true essence of human nature and is a manifestation of individualism; protection of individualist concepts, namely, private interests of personality; a human has addictions, which influence his values, ensure defense reaction, act both with selfish purposes and achieve ultimate goals; love contains the essence and purpose of a human and is the decisive force of social and moral progress, it is perceived as the highest expression of sensuous nature of a human, as the most complete mechanism of regulation of social relations, as a principle of social organization.

People with Colorectal Cancer in SEER-Medicare: Part D Uptake, Costs, and Outcomes

Limited information exists about enrollment in Part D prescription coverage by Medicare beneficiaries with cancer. Part D coverage may increase access to medicines. This study evaluated patterns of Part D uptake and costs and assessed the effects of coverage on hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) use among people with colorectal cancer (CRC). We analyzed Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)–Medicare linked data on fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare beneficiaries with at least 36 months of follow-up who were diagnosed with CRC at any point from January 2007 through December 2010, and a matched cohort of beneficiaries without cancer. Dual (Medicare/Medicaid) enrollees were excluded because they are automatically enrolled in Part D. Among beneficiaries with CRC (n=12,774), 39 percent had complete Part D coverage, defined as coverage in the diagnosis year and 2 subsequent years; the rate was 38 percent in the matched comparison cohort (P=.119). Among those with complete Part D coverage, there was no significant difference in annual prescription drug costs between people with CRC ($3,157, 95% confidence interval [CI]: $3,098–$3,216) and without ($3,113, 95% CI: $3,054–$3,172). Among people with CRC, odds of ED use ranged from unchanged to marginally higher for those with no or partial Part D coverage, (adjusted odds ratio: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.00–1.18), compared with those with complete Part D coverage. Lack of continuous Part D coverage was associated with more ED use among Medicare FFS beneficiaries with CRC in 2007–2013. Among people with Part D coverage, prescription drug costs varied little between those with CRC and matched beneficiaries without cancer.

Problems With Section Two ITP TOEFL Test

This study was designed to investigate (1) the difficulties faced by EFL university students with section two of the ITP, and (2) whether part A or part B was more difficult for them and why. A number of 26 students from two different universities, Syiah Kuala University and the State Islamic University Ar-Raniry were the samples for the test. The data was obtained from a multiple choice questionnaire test consisting of 46 questions, each with 4 answers to choose from. The results showed that inversions (12%), subject-verb agreements (10%), adverb clause connectors (7%), passives (6%), reduced adjective clauses (5%), parallel structures (5%) and use of verbs (5%) were the most difficult questions for the students. Furthermore, they felt that part B was more difficult than part A, as finding an error in a sentence was harder than completing a sentence from a multiple choice. Furthermore, the length of questions in part A did not affect the amount of time the students spent to complete part A and did not cause them to panic. Also, unfamiliar words in part A were not regarded as a problem by the students. Hence, TOEFL teachers and trainers are highly encouraged to pay more attention to doing study exercises for the seven topics with the highest percentages above in part A and also to more practice for part B.

Function Spaces with BoundedLpMeans and Their Continuous Functionals

This paper studies typical Banach and complete seminormed spaces of locally summable functions and their continuous functionals. Such spaces were introduced long ago as a natural environment to study almost periodic functions (Besicovitch, 1932; Bohr and Fölner, 1944) and are defined by boundedness of suitableLpmeans. The supremum of such means defines a norm (or a seminorm, in the case of the full Marcinkiewicz space) that makes the respective spaces complete. Part of this paper is a review of the topological vector space structure, inclusion relations, and convolution operators. Then we expand and improve the deep theory due to Lau of representation of continuous functional and extreme points of the unit balls, adapt these results to Stepanoff spaces, and present interesting examples of discontinuous functionals that depend only on asymptotic values.

Research of CAPP System Based on the Solid Edge

The three-dimensional CAPP prototype is studied based on Solid Edge platform using the technology of secondary development of VB. The system is able to complete part the selection of machining feature of the part, edit of process information and selection of process. The system finally output process card semi-automatic or automatic, through the module of process edit and the module of process card output module having the support of the process resource management module.