THE HISTORICAL/EVOLUTIONARY CAUSE AND POSSIBLE TREATMENT OF PANDEMIC COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2, 2019CORONAVIRUS)

Background: A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. In evolution, viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer, which increases genetic diversity in a way analogous to sexual reproduction. Influenza (Including (COVID-19), is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. Some viruses especially smallpox, throughout history, has killed between 300-500 million people in its 12,000year existence. As modern humans increased in numbers, new infectious diseases emerged, including SARS-CoV-2. We have two groups of virus, RNA and DNA viruses. The most brutal viruses are RNA ones like COVID-19 (Sars-CoV-2 [1] Introduction: Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that are typically mild, such as some cases of the common cold (among other possible causes, predominantly rhinoviruses), though rarer forms can be lethal, such as SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Symptoms vary in other species: in chickens, they cause an upper respiratory tract disease, while in cows and pigs they cause diarrhea. Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, The genome size, coronaviruses ranges from approximately 27 to 34 kilobases, the largest among known RNA viruses. Discussions and Results: We have researched from the first virus in the planet to the last mutated version which is SARS-COV-2. We have collected many informative data in tables and figures to reach the main cause of 2019Coronavirus and calculated the probability and estimated deaths in the current time. We have discussed about the possible treatment and prevention of the virus and did algebraic calculations on the epidemiology, the size and even the future of this pandemic. The only era which any virus had not been epidemic, were through world war 2, were the German scientists had found the way to fight any viral infections which is very important and can help scientists to reach the main treatment of the new 2019-Coronavirus. We have sorted the deadly and non-deadly coronaviruses and explained how this epidemic had begun through Evolutionary Medicine (EM). The result of the article is that 16% of the whole population in the world has been contaminated which is 1248000000 of 7.8 billion people world-wide. SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA Virus. its nucleic acid is 2 single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). The polarity of this virus is positive-sense ((+) ssRNA). Positivesense viral RNA is similar to mRNA and thus can be immediately translated by the host cell. Recombination in RNA viruses appears to be an adaptation for coping with genome damage. Recombination can occur infrequently between animal viruses of the same species but of divergent lineages. The resulting recombinant viruses may sometimes cause an outbreak of infection in humans. RNA viruses have very high mutation rates This is one reason why it is difficult to make effective vaccines to prevent diseases caused by RNA viruses. The resulting recombinant viruses causes an outbreak of infection in humans. Conclusion: In conclusion, the mutation of the SARSCoV and influenza viruses through Drift and Reassortment is the main cause of SARS-CoV-2 through natural selection, Lamarckian Evolution and coevolution which caused this RNA virus so powerful, unpredicted and different in the genome size and nations worldwide. The first Pandemic of Influenza was first detected in 1732 and this virus evolved through natural selection till 2019 which caused the worldwide pandemic of SARS-CoV-2. Based on many studies, inhalation of Ozone plus Sulfur Dioxide, increasing the amounts of L-Glutathione (Which is low in children and older adults and this is the main reason why older adults and children die from this disease.) plus Viral Phage Therapy (VPT) which we discussed fully in this article can be the possible prime treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The seasonal temperature cannot be useful in controlling/reducing the pandemic of this virus since the natural selection, Lamarckian Evolution and high mutation of the virus helps its survival. No antiviral drugs will be useful against SARSCoV-2 because of high rate of mutation and primarily adaptation of the virus to the drugs and even the environmental Temperature.

The Biology of Intimacy: Lamarckian Evolution and the Sentimental Novel

This article explores the enabling intimacy between sentimentalism and biopolitics by turning to a less-than-obvious and yet characteristic example of the sentimental mode: the ubiquitous orphan tale of the mid- to late nineteenth century. It argues that individual orphan heroines of domestic plots not only function as tropes of domestic and national belonging, as has been widely recognized, but also of population regulation at the biological level of species. Sentimentalism functions as a mode of evolutionary theory, one that articulated the Lamarckian belief that sensory impressions shape the development of the individual body and of the species. Sentimental Lamarckism extended across literature, reform, and scientific theory and preceded naturalism’s deep engagement with evolutionary thought by decades. The sentimental orphan trope figures as a key aesthetic technology for regulating the growth of the population. Sentimental novels about orphans are not just about children who transform through their experiences; they were also directed at children readers and crafted to elicit emotional identification that could spur similar changes off the page.

The case of the midwife toad revisited

In a recent paper it was suggested that results published by Kammerer (1911) on the midwife toad could be explained by epigenetics (Vargas et al., 2016). We show that data thought to be fitting are based on untested assumptions about the underlying genetic mechanisms. We cite recent studies on the genetics of life history traits, in particular egg-size and number, to show that these assumptions are not realistic. We review aspects of Kammerer’s experimental results on the midwife toad for which there are no plausible mechanisms, i.e. toads switching from land-breeding to water-breeding in response to an increase in temperature, eggs becoming resistant to moulds within a few generations, the gradual development of nuptial pads, heterochronous changes in the development of water-born larvae, and conclude that Kammerer cannot have obtained the results he claims. We argue that natural selection would not have favoured a change in reproductive mode and the loss of parental care and that an epigenetic master switch, affecting many different traits simultaneously, would have either eroded during more than 15 million years of land-breeding and/or would have disappeared by natural selection against it. Finally, we show that Kammerer's data are remarkably close to the invoked Mendelian ratio and too good to be genuine. We conclude that Kammerer’s data are fictitious and that Vargas et al. (2016) have used non-existing data in search of support for a role of epigenetics in neo-Lamarckian evolution.