scholarly journals THE HISTORICAL/EVOLUTIONARY CAUSE AND POSSIBLE TREATMENT OF PANDEMIC COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2, 2019CORONAVIRUS)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorush Niknamian
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Recombinant Viruses ◽  
Lamarckian Evolution ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. In evolution, viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer, which increases genetic diversity in a way analogous to sexual reproduction. Influenza (Including (COVID-19), is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. Some viruses especially smallpox, throughout history, has killed between 300-500 million people in its 12,000year existence. As modern humans increased in numbers, new infectious diseases emerged, including SARS-CoV-2. We have two groups of virus, RNA and DNA viruses. The most brutal viruses are RNA ones like COVID-19 (Sars-CoV-2 [1] Introduction: Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that are typically mild, such as some cases of the common cold (among other possible causes, predominantly rhinoviruses), though rarer forms can be lethal, such as SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Symptoms vary in other species: in chickens, they cause an upper respiratory tract disease, while in cows and pigs they cause diarrhea. Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, The genome size, coronaviruses ranges from approximately 27 to 34 kilobases, the largest among known RNA viruses. Discussions and Results: We have researched from the first virus in the planet to the last mutated version which is SARS-COV-2. We have collected many informative data in tables and figures to reach the main cause of 2019Coronavirus and calculated the probability and estimated deaths in the current time. We have discussed about the possible treatment and prevention of the virus and did algebraic calculations on the epidemiology, the size and even the future of this pandemic. The only era which any virus had not been epidemic, were through world war 2, were the German scientists had found the way to fight any viral infections which is very important and can help scientists to reach the main treatment of the new 2019-Coronavirus. We have sorted the deadly and non-deadly coronaviruses and explained how this epidemic had begun through Evolutionary Medicine (EM). The result of the article is that 16% of the whole population in the world has been contaminated which is 1248000000 of 7.8 billion people world-wide. SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA Virus. its nucleic acid is 2 single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). The polarity of this virus is positive-sense ((+) ssRNA). Positivesense viral RNA is similar to mRNA and thus can be immediately translated by the host cell. Recombination in RNA viruses appears to be an adaptation for coping with genome damage. Recombination can occur infrequently between animal viruses of the same species but of divergent lineages. The resulting recombinant viruses may sometimes cause an outbreak of infection in humans. RNA viruses have very high mutation rates This is one reason why it is difficult to make effective vaccines to prevent diseases caused by RNA viruses. The resulting recombinant viruses causes an outbreak of infection in humans. Conclusion: In conclusion, the mutation of the SARSCoV and influenza viruses through Drift and Reassortment is the main cause of SARS-CoV-2 through natural selection, Lamarckian Evolution and coevolution which caused this RNA virus so powerful, unpredicted and different in the genome size and nations worldwide. The first Pandemic of Influenza was first detected in 1732 and this virus evolved through natural selection till 2019 which caused the worldwide pandemic of SARS-CoV-2. Based on many studies, inhalation of Ozone plus Sulfur Dioxide, increasing the amounts of L-Glutathione (Which is low in children and older adults and this is the main reason why older adults and children die from this disease.) plus Viral Phage Therapy (VPT) which we discussed fully in this article can be the possible prime treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The seasonal temperature cannot be useful in controlling/reducing the pandemic of this virus since the natural selection, Lamarckian Evolution and high mutation of the virus helps its survival. No antiviral drugs will be useful against SARSCoV-2 because of high rate of mutation and primarily adaptation of the virus to the drugs and even the environmental Temperature.

scholarly journals Nucleosides for the treatment of respiratory RNA virus infections

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 204020661876448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C Jordan ◽  
Sarah K Stevens ◽  
Jerome Deval
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Nucleoside Analogs ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Nucleotide Analogs ◽  
Tract Infections

Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses are among the most common viruses causing mild seasonal colds. These RNA viruses can also cause lower respiratory tract infections leading to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Young children, the elderly, and patients with compromised cardiac, pulmonary, or immune systems are at greatest risk for serious disease associated with these RNA virus respiratory infections. In addition, swine and avian influenza viruses, together with severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, represent significant pandemic threats to the general population. In this review, we describe the current medical need resulting from respiratory infections caused by RNA viruses, which justifies drug discovery efforts to identify new therapeutic agents. The RNA polymerase of respiratory viruses represents an attractive target for nucleoside and nucleotide analogs acting as inhibitors of RNA chain synthesis. Here, we present the molecular, biochemical, and structural fundamentals of the polymerase of the four major families of RNA respiratory viruses: Orthomyxoviridae, Pneumoviridae/Paramyxoviridae, Coronaviridae, and Picornaviridae. We summarize past and current efforts to develop nucleoside and nucleotide analogs as antiviral agents against respiratory virus infections. This includes molecules with very broad antiviral spectrum such as ribavirin and T-705 (favipiravir), and others targeting more specifically one or a few virus families. Recent advances in our understanding of the structure(s) and function(s) of respiratory virus polymerases will likely support the discovery and development of novel nucleoside analogs.

Prothrombotic Changes in Hemostatic Parameters and C-reactive Protein in the Elderly with Winter Acute Respiratory Tract Infections

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (02) ◽  
pp. 245-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Horan ◽  
Charles Francis ◽  
Ann Falsey ◽  
John Kolassa ◽  
Brian Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Ischemic Heart Disease ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Acute Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tract Infections

SummaryMortality rates attributable to cerebrovascular and ischemic heart disease increase among older adults during the winter. Prothrombotic changes in the hemostatic system related to seasonal factors, such as ambient temperature changes, and winter acute respiratory tract infections, may contribute to this excess seasonal mortality. A prospective nested case-control study was conducted to assess the impact of winter acute respiratory tract infections on fibrinogen, factor VII, factor VIIa, D-dimer, prothrombin fragment 1.2, PAI-1, soluble P-selectin and C-reactive protein (CRP) in older adults. The change in laboratory parameters from baseline (fall) to the time of infection in both middle-aged and elderly individuals was compared with matched non-infected controls. In older adult participants with winter acute respiratory tract infections, significant increases occurred in fibrinogen and C-reactive protein, but not in any other markers. The mean fibrinogen increased 1.52 g/L (38%) and the mean CRP increased 37 mg/L (370%) over baseline (both p < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, both infection and season were associated with the increase in fibrinogen, but only infection was associated with the CRP increase. Old age magnified the increase in CRP but not in fibrinogen. Winter acute respiratory tract infections induce an exaggerated inflammatory response in older adults. The associated increase in fibrinogen, an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease, may be partly responsible for the excess winter vascular mortality.

Respiratory tract viruses

2020 ◽  
pp. 723-734
Author(s):  
Malik Peiris
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Parainfluenza Viruses ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Respiratory Tract Viruses ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections

Viral respiratory infections, including coronavirus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses, and influenza viruses, are a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, most notably the COVID-19 pandemic. Transmission occurs through direct contact, contaminated fomites, and large airborne droplets, with long-range transmission by small particle aerosols reported in at least some instances of influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clinical syndromes affect the upper and/or lower respiratory tract, including coryza, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Each syndrome can potentially be caused by several viruses, and each respiratory virus can be associated with different clinical syndromes. Measles is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and fatality in tropical countries.

scholarly journals LB2. TORC1 Inhibition with RTB101 as a Potential Pan-Antiviral Immunotherapy to Decrease the Incidence of Respiratory Tract Infections Due to Multiple Respiratory Viruses in Older Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S993-S994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Mannick ◽  
Amelia Tomlinson ◽  
Sarb Shergill ◽  
Grace Teo ◽  
Lloyd Klickstein
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Intent To Treat ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Antiviral Gene

Abstract Background Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a leading cause of hospitalization and death in people age ≥65 years. RTIs are caused by multiple viruses, most of which lack effective treatments. An immunotherapy that enhances pan-antiviral innate immunity may reduce RTI incidence in older adults. Inhibition of targets downstream of target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) was reported to upregulate pan-antiviral gene expression and protect mice from a viral RTI (York AG et al. Cell 2015). We evaluated whether TORC1 inhibition increased antiviral gene expression and decreased RTI incidence in older adults. Methods A randomized, double-blind, placebo, controlled study was conducted to determine whether the TORC1 inhibitor RTB101 alone or in combination with the TORC1 inhibitor everolimus reduced the incidence of laboratory-confirmed RTIs. The study enrolled 652 older adults at increased risk of RTI-related morbidity and mortality (defined as age ≥85 years, or age ≥65 years with asthma, COPD, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or current smokers). Subjects were treated for 16 weeks during winter cold and flu season with oral RTB101 5 mg or 10 mg once daily (QD), RTB101 10 mg twice daily, RTB101 10 mg + everolimus 0.1 mg QD, or matched placebo. The primary endpoint was the percentage of subjects with ≥1 laboratory-confirmed RTI through Week 16. Results RTB101 was well tolerated. In the intent-to-treat analysis, RTB101 10 mg QD was observed to: reduce the percentage of subjects with laboratory-confirmed RTIs by 30.6% compared with placebo (P = 0.025); reduce the incidence of RTIs caused by multiple different viruses; and upregulate interferon-stimulated pan-antiviral gene expression in whole blood (P = 0.00001 vs. placebo, Figure 1). Furthermore, RTB101 10 mg QD was observed to reduce the time to alleviation of moderate to severe RTI symptoms by 5 days, and to reduce the rate of all-cause hospitalization (rate ratio 0.439, 90% CI 0.196–0.983, P = 0.047). Conclusion RTB101 10 mg QD was associated with a significant reduction in laboratory-confirmed RTIs due to multiple viral pathogens that lack effective medicines for treatment or prevention. RTB101 was observed to upregulate interferon-stimulated pan-antiviral gene expression, which may underlie the reduction in RTI incidence. Disclosures Joan Mannick, MD, resTORbio (Employee, Shareholder), Amelia Tomlinson, PhD, resTORbio (Employee), Sarb Shergill, PhD, resTORbio (Employee), Grace Teo, PhD, resTORbio (Employee), Lloyd Klickstein, MD, PhD, resTORbio (Employee).

scholarly journals Prevention and Treatment of Influenza, Influenza-Like Illness, and Common Cold by Herbal, Complementary, and Natural Therapies

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Carnosic Acid ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
H5n1 Influenza ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

In recent years viral respiratory tract infections, especially influenza viruses, have had a major impact on communities worldwide as a result of unavailability of effective treatment or vaccine. The frequent alterations in the antigenic structures of respiratory viruses, particularly for RNA viruses, pose difficulties in production of effective vaccines. The unavailability of optimal medication and shortage of effective vaccines suggests the requirement for alternative natural therapies. Several herbal remedies were used for prevention and treatment viral respiratory illnesses. Among those that were found effective included maoto, licorice roots, antiwei, North American ginseng, berries, Echinacea, plants extracted carnosic acid, pomegranate, guava tea, and Bai Shao. There is scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of several complementary therapies for colds. Oral zinc may reduce the length and severity of a cold. Taking vitamin C supplements on a regular basis only slightly reduces the length and severity of colds. Probiotics were found better than placebo in reducing the number episodes of acute upper respiratory tract infections, the rate of episodes of acute upper respiratory tract infection and reducing antibiotic use. Alkaline diets or drinks might have antiviral properties as in vitro studies demonstrated inactivation effect of alkaline medium on respiratory virus. Earthing might have a natural anti-inflammatory effect for human body. It is now accepted that an overwhelming inflammatory response is the cause of human deaths from avian H5N1 influenza infection. Earthing accelerates immune response following vaccination, as demonstrated by increases of gamma globulin concentration. No in vivo or clinical studies were found that investigate the role of alkalization or earthing on respiratory viral infections. Thus, future studies are recommended to reveal any potential curative effects.

scholarly journals Prescribing Pattern of Drugs in Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Children aged 1 To 5 Years At Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1903-1911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujata Jadhav ◽  
Chitra Khanwelkar
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Essential Medicine ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
World Health ◽  
Prescribing Pattern ◽  
Tract Infections

Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) are very common in all age groups. Childhood respiratory tract infections are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. It is significant health problem in India also. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 2 million children under five years of age die due to pneumonia. Majority of ARTIs have viral etiology. Rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, parainfluenza and influenza viruses, human metapneumovirus, and adenoviruses are main causative agents. Among bacteria, group A streptococci, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, N. meningitides, H. influenzae, pneumococcus and Staphylococcus aureus are responsible for ARTIs. Drug utilization studies help to understand the pattern of prescription in that particular area for specific conditions.We included children from one to five years of age, diagnosed as ARTI and evaluated 298 prescriptions given to these children. Analysis of these prescriptions was done as well as they are compared with WHO prescription indicators. Cough (96%), fever (93%) and rhinitis (82.5%) were common symptoms observed, but sore throat, earache and breathlessness were also present in these children. Average number of drugs prescribed was 4.1/patient. Following drugs were prescribed, Antipyretics 98.3%, antimicrobials 91.3%, antihistaminics and cough syrups in 75.2%, Leukotriene antagonist in 25.1% patients, Vitamin B complex 11% and glucocorticoids 4.6%. All drugs were prescribed by brand names and not by generic name. 97.3% prescribed drugs were from national list of essential medicine. We found overuse of antimicrobials in our study. Educational programs are needed in order to bring rational use of antimicrobials. At the same time awareness in parents also should be done regarding antimicrobial use.

scholarly journals Place of combination drugs in the therapy of acute bronchitis in children

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
N. G. Kolosova ◽  
I. V. Grebeneva ◽  
V. D. Denisova ◽  
E. M. Maksimova
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Bronchitis ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Human Bocavirus ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Nonproductive Cough ◽  
Combination Drugs ◽  
Tract Infections

Acute respiratory tract infections accompanied by cough play a significant role in respiratory pathology in childhood. The incidence of acute respiratory infections among children is 4–5 times higher than among the adult population and accounts for more than 90% of all infectious and parasitic diseases registered in Russia. The highest rates of acute respiratory infections are observed among children of preschool age, especially in the first three years of life. As in adults, children’s cough, described as a symptom of «upper respiratory infection» or «acute bronchitis», is the most commonly diagnosed acute manifestation in primary care. These 2 diagnoses represent 75% of all cough cases. The most common etiological agents in acute bronchitis are respiratory viruses: adenovirus, influenza viruses and parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, human Bocavirus, Coxsackievirus, herpes simplex virus, etc. Drug therapy for coughing is prescribed when there is a nonproductive cough that does not perform its protective function, meaning it does not contribute to the purification of the respiratory tract, and is aimed at dilution of sputum, reducing its adhesiveness (viscosity) and thus increase the effectiveness of coughing. The main groups of mucoactive drugs that are usually considered in this case are mucolytics, mucoregulators, mucokinetics, expectorants, and combination drugs. Combination drugs created to eliminate various elements of pathogenesis of respiratory diseases, accompanied by a nonproductive cough and bronchoobstruction, deserve close attention due to the possibility of using several active substances in fixed drug combinations with accurate dosages and proven clinical effectiveness, reducing the number of simultaneously taken drugs, reducing the risk of developing undesirable events. Oral administration of combined medicines becomes especially important in conditions when inhalation therapy is impossible.

scholarly journals Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of Travel-Associated Respiratory Tract Infections in Travelers Returning From Countries Affected by Pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 Influenza

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Jauréguiberry ◽  
David Boutolleau ◽  
Eric Grandsire ◽  
Tomek Kofman ◽  
Claire Deback ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Throat Culture ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Although acute respiratory tract infections (RTI) have been recognized as a significant cause of illness in returning travelers, few studies have specifically evaluated the etiologies of RTI in this population. Methods This prospective investigation evaluated travelers returning from countries with endemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009, and who were seen in our department at the onset of the outbreak (April–July 2009). Patients were included if they presented with signs of RTI that occurred during travel or less than 7 days after return from overseas travel. Patients were evaluated for microbial agents with RespiFinder plus assay, and throat culture according to clinical presentation. Results A total of 113 travelers (M/F ratio 1.2:1; mean age 39 y) were included. They were mainly tourists (n = 50; 44.2%) mostly returning from North America (n = 65; 58%) and Mexico (n = 21; 18.5%). The median duration of travel was 23 days (range 2–540 d). The median lag time between return and onset of illness was 0.2 days (range 10 d prior to 7 d after). The main clinical presentation of RTI was influenza-like illness (n = 76; 67.3%). Among the 99 microbiologically evaluated patients, a pathogen was found by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or throat culture in 65 patients (65.6%). The main etiological agents were influenza A(H1N1) 2009 (18%), influenza viruses (14%), and rhinovirus (20%). A univariate analysis was unable to show variables associated with influenza A(H1N1) 2009, whereas rhinorrhea was associated with viruses other than influenza (p = 0.04). Conclusion Despite the A(H1N1) 2009 influenza pandemic, rhinovirus and other influenza viruses were also frequent causes of RTI in overseas travelers. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR and nasopharyngeal swab cultures are useful diagnostic tools for evaluating travelers with RTI.

Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Cali, Colombia: A Two-Year Ambulatory Study

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-218
Author(s):  
Stephen Berman ◽  
Alvaro Duenas ◽  
Alvaro Bedoya ◽  
Victor Constain ◽  
Saul Leon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
High Fever ◽  
Severe Malnutrition ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Respiratory Tract Illnesses ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

A surveillance system for acute lower respiratory tract illnesses was implemented February 1977 in five neighborhood health clinics. Of the 1,229 patients with an illness identified during the 25 months from Feb 1, 1977 to Feb 28, 1979, there were 38 with croup, 451 with tracheobronchitis, 339 with bronchiolitis, and 401 with pneumonia. Forty-two percent of the illnesses occurred in children less than 1 year of age and 66% occurred in children less than 2 years of age. A viral infection was diagnosed in 20% of the patients by viral cultures and/or fourfold rises in complement fixation antibody titers in acute and convalescent sera. A viral agent was identified in 29% of patients with croup, 20% with tracheobronchitis, 22% with bronchiolitis, and 17% with pneumonia. Four viral agents, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) adenovirus, parainfluenza viruses, and influenza viruses accounted for 94% of the cases associated with a viral infection. RSV was associated with 9% of the cases, adenovirus with 6.8%, parainfluenza with 2.1%, and influenza with 1.3%. These four viral agents had slightly different clinical patterns. The majority of RSV infections were diagnosed in children less than 2 years of age with bronchiolitis or pneumonia. Yearly outbreaks of RSV were noted during periods corresponding to RSV peaks in northern temperate climates. Adenoviral infections occurred most frequently in children between 1 and 5 years of age with tracheobronchitis or pneumonia in association with high fever. Parainfluenza viral infections were usually associated with tracheobronchitis and pneumonia. Influenza infections usually occurred in older children with pneumonia associated with high fever, headache, and myalgias. Bacteremias were identified in four patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Twenty percent of children with moderate or severe malnutrition and an acute respiratory illness were bacteremic. Three of the four children with moderate or severe malnutrition, pneumonia, and fever greater than 38.9°C had a positive blood culture. There were 17 children seen who required hospitalization and three subsequent deaths in this group.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document