Energy consumption of chipper coupled to a universal wheel skidder in the process of chipping wood

The chipper for chips is an energy consuming machine. Many factors influence the result of chipping which influence the whole process. The paper deals with the process of wood chipping by a chipper in order to determine its energy consumption. The main purpose was the determination of input power and comparison of revolution frequency on the outlet shaft of a skidder regarding the dimension of the torque depending on variable parameters which characterize the process of wood chipping during the measurement and the analysis of energy consumption of a chipping machine was carried out.

SOME EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES AT STORAGE RINGS

Two experimental techniques that have been developed at the COoler SYnchrotron COSY-Jülich are presented: (i) The energy of a stored polarized proton or deuteron beam can be precisely determined by sweeping an rf magnetic dipole or solenoid field over a spin resonance. This perturbation induces a beam depolarization, which is maximal at the spin resonance's frequency. That frequency, together with the beam revolution frequency, determines the beam's kinematic γ factor, which can thus be measured with high accuracy. Therefore, the beam energy can be determined about one order of magnitude more precisely than with conventional methods based on orbit length measurements. The technique has been used at COSY for an experiment aiming at a high-precision measurement the mass of the η meson. (ii) The repeated passage of a coasting ion beam through a thin internal target leads to a beam-energy loss and a shift of its revolution frequency. This shift is proportional to the beam-target overlap and thus allows one to measure the target thickness and hence the luminosity during the corresponding experiment. This effect has been studied quantitatively with a 2.65 GeV proton beam impinging on a hydrogen cluster-jet target at the ANKE spectrometer. After a careful error evaluation the luminosity, could be determined with an accuracy of better than 5%.

Practical Rotary Encoder Accuracy Limits for Transmission Error Measurement

Errors of angular position on encoders used for transmission error measurement were investigated to determine the practical limits of accuracy. Computer correction can be used to eliminate consistent errors on the encoders but errors remain, attributable to electrical noise, bearing errors and friction effects. Practical limits on the calibration and usage of the encoders for individual harmonics of once per revolution frequency and for a given angular position were established.