Morphological study of the pituitary gland of the studanese Nile fish Clarias Lazera

C. lazera was studied using some standard techniques employed in the study of vertebrate pituitary. The pituitary gland is attached to the infundibular region of the brain by a cylindrical infundilbular stalk. The gland is composed of two main divisions; the pars glandularis and the pars nervosa. The former is subdivided into an anterior, middle and posterior glandular regions. The anterior glandular region is composed mostly of clusters of acidophils which surround blood capillaries, giving the region a follicular appearance. The middle region is composed of basophils, acidophils and chromophobes. The distribution of the three types of cells has no definite pattern. The basophils are characterized by possessing colloidal globules, and therefore such basophils are described as globular basophils. The posterior region is formed mostly of dull acidophils, with few interspersed dull faint basophils. The two types of cells are scattered singly or in groups arround the branches of the pars nervosa. The pars nervosa, which is the continuation of the infundibular stalk, form a central core around which the three glandular regions of the pituitary gland are arranged. The processes of the pars nervosa are elaborate, with a fanning root – like nature, in the posterior glandular region and scanty in both the anterior and middle glandular regions. The pars nervosa appears as a fibrous tissue with scattered nuclei belonging to neuroglia cells. It is characterized by the colloidal Herring materials, basophil and acidophilic glandular cells. Infundilbular stalk, which link the floor of hypothalamus and the terminal zone of the anterior glandular region was found to be a thin lamina of nervious tissue with a layer of epindymal cell lining the third ventricle. The middle glandular region was found to consist of three chromophils cells, only one type of acidophil was identified. It took both OG and erythrosin. The other two types were found to be basophilic and they were designated as type 2 and type 3. Basophils type 3 were PAS, AF positive but AB negative. The pars nervosa was found to be small, and contained more stainable neuro-secretory materials.

Aciniccell carcinoma of the salivary glands: clinical and histopathological study of 12 cases

Objective:Acinic cell carcinoma (CCA) is the third malignant epithelial tumor of the salivary glands in adults; low-grade tumor of malignancy, composed of neoplastic cells with serous acinar differentiation. The objective of this work was to analyze 12 cases of CCA according to their location, clinical characteristics, histological and immunohistochemical pattern and cell types, following the latest classification of the World Health Organization. Methods: The study included 12 cases of CCA from the files of salivary tumor biopsies of our work team, corresponding to the period 1997-2020. A numerical code was used to identify the samples, preserving the identity of the patients. Histological sections of the paraffin-embedded biopsies were evaluated with H/E, PAS and Toluidine blue and immunostained with the monoclonal antibodies pancytokeratin AE1 / AE3, Ki67, MUC-1 and mammaglobin. Results: The most frequent histologic pattern was the solid type as a single pattern or integrated with other patterns of lesser development, with almost exclusive location in the parotid gland and more frequent in women. Cells like normal acinar serocytes predominated in the solid growth pattern. The most frequent cell type in the microcystic patternwas the nonspecific glandular cell together with a lower proportion of acinar and intercalated duct-like cells. The papillary-cystic pattern was lined by nonspecific glandular cells. No clear cells found. With Ki67 a low cell proliferation was demonstrated in all the cases studied. Cell labeling for MUC-1 was grade 1 positive (less than 10% immunoreactive cells) and negative for mammaglobin.Conclusions: Patient follow-up is a priority because CCA tends to recur and metastasize and its behavior can become aggressive. We must deepen the study of its proliferative capacity as a treatment and prognosis tool, especially with immunohistochemistry and standardized molecular biology methods.

COVID-19: Gastrointestinal Manifestations and Complications

The virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus. This genus also includes the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The common symptoms of COVID-19 infection are fever and respiratory symptoms, but it can also involve the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), resulting in manifestations such as diarrhea, nausea and/or vomiting and abdominal pain. The emergence of COVID-19 led to public health emphasis on droplet transmission and precautions of contact with respiratory secretions. However, mounting evidence demonstrates detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stool samples of COVID-19 patients. It has also been demonstrated that the host receptor angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2 (ACE-2) is highly expressed not just in respiratory cells but also in gastrointestinal sites involving the glandular cells of gastric, duodenal, and rectal epithelium. This suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can infect the digestive system, serving as another route of transmission. This review aims to study the prevalence of some of the gastrointestinal manifestations following COVID-19 infection and findings of positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stool specimens while making parallels to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) infection. We will also discuss the possible pathophysiology of COVID-19 related gastrointestinal involvement.

Histogenesis of developing human fetal stomach

Background: Human stomach is a highly specialised organ with distinct types of glands and microscopic features for its physiological activity. This study aimed to assess the chronological order in the development of different layers and the cyto-differentiation of various glandular cells in 50 fetuses from 12 weeks of gestation till term.Methods: Tissue was taken from cardiac, body and pylorus to investigate with light and confocal microscopy.Results: The gastric gland formation began as an indentation of the surface epithelium, gastric pit and simultaneous development of glandular buds in the mucosa. The pyloric glands preceded the development of cardiac and gastric glands showing retro cranial sequence of development. In contrast, the muscularis externa showed the classical craniocaudal model of development with oblique layer in the cardiac region by 14 weeks and body region by 16 weeks of gestation. The parietal cells were well developed by 12 weeks and the chief cells by 16 weeks with prominent secretory granules. In addition, the pyloric sphincter was a clearly defined anatomical sphincter developed by whorling of the inner circular layer at the pyloric end of the stomach evident from 12 weeks of gestation.Conclusions: The results showed that the significant cellular morphogenesis occurred between 12-20 weeks of gestation. This aggregated data will serve as a catalyst in the understanding intricacy of embryogenesis, pathogenesis tracing of congenital anomalies and invention of new drugs.

A rare case of primary fallopian tube carcinoma in a woman with post-menopausal bleeding

Primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC) is a rare tumor accounting for about 0.5% of all gynecological cancers. The rarity of the tumor with its non-specific clinical presentation and radiological findings lead to a low suspicion of PFTC by the attending clinician. We present a case of this tumor in a 62 years post-menopausal parous woman who presented with intermittent vaginal bleeding with normal clinical examination and an adnexal mass on USG and MRI. She underwent laparosopic total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, infracolic omentectomy and staging biopsies followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Primary fallopian tube carcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of peri and postmenopausal women who present with an adnexal mass, unexplained bleeding per vaginum, pelvic pain, or a cervical smear with abnormal glandular cells. The treatment is similar to epithelial ovarian carcinoma, which includes total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and comprehensive surgical staging.

Synergistic regenerative therapy of thin endometrium by human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated within hyaluronic acid hydrogels

Background: Endometrial injury is one of the major causes of thin endometrium and subfertility. Stem cell-based therapies have made strides towards further efficacious treatment of injured endometrium. However, reported therapeutic stem cells that can be used for thin endometrium are difficult to acquire for large-scale clinical application. The human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HP-MSCs) are emerging alternative sources of MSCs for their robuster expansion ability, lower immunogenicity as well as extensive sources. To maximize their retention inside the uterus, we loaded HP-MSCs with cross-linked hyaluronic acid hydrogel (HA hydrogel) to investigate their therapeutic efficacy and possible underlying mechanisms.Methods: The murine endometrial injury model was established by ethanol (95%) perfusion, with further intrauterine instillation of treating materials. The retention time of HP-MSCs was detected by in vivo imaging and ex vivo frozen section. Functional restoration of the uterus was assessed by testing embryo implantation rates. The endometrial morphological alteration was observed by H&E staining, Masson staining, and immunohistochemistry (Ki67). The stromal and glandular cells were isolated from the human endometrium to determine proliferation, migration, signaling pathway changes via EdU assay, transwell migration assay, and western blot respectively. Results: Instilled HP-MSCs with HA hydrogel (HP-MSCs-HA) exhibited a prolonged retention time in mouse uteri compared with normal HP-MSCs. In vitro data showed that the HP-MSCs-HA could significantly increase the gland number and endometrial thickness, decrease fibrous area, promote the proliferation of endometrial cells, and improve the embryo implantation rate. In vitro assays indicated that HP-MSCs-HA could not only promote the proliferation and migration of human endometrial stromal via the JNK/Erk1/2-Stat3-VEGF pathway but also promote the proliferation of glandular cells via Jak2-Stat5 and c-Fos-VEGF pathway. Conclusion: Our study suggested the potential therapeutic effects and the underlying mechanisms of HP-MSCs-HA on treating thin endometrium. HA hydrogel could be a preferable delivery method for HP-MSCs and the strategy represents a promising therapeutic approach against endometrial injury in clinical settings.