DETERGENTS: FROM PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES TO BIOPHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS (OR WHY WE FIGHT COVID-19 WITH TOILET SOAP)

Detergents are soluble amphiphiles that possess the capacity to solubilize fats, giving rise to water-soluble, lipid-detergent mixed micelles. Detergents find an extensive use in food and drink, textile, medical and pharmaceutical industries, among others. In molecular biology, detergents are irreplaceable tools in the solubilization of cell membranes and subsequent membrane protein purification. The present review summarizes four decades of investigation on detergents in the authors’ laboratory. An introduction on detergents and membranes is followed by a detailed, quantitative description of the mechanism of membrane solubilization by detergents, and a critical discussion of the concept of detergent-resistant membranes as related to the lipid raft hypothesis. An experimental section follows, summarizing the main results in the authors’ group. Finally, some biopharmaceutical applications are described. As a working example, the use of toilet soap in the prevention of COVID-19 is discussed.

Lux Radio Theatre

Lux Radio Theatre was a radio program that remained on the air in the United States of America for more than twenty years (1934-1955). It aired radio plays which were adaptations of hit movies. Dozens of Hollywood movie stars were involved in the program, which was created by an advertiser and its agency, at the service of a sole product: Lux toilet soap. This chapter provides a discussion about the complex and costly, in terms of production, mode of advertising that were these radio plays, a unique encounter between Hollywood and advertising.

Development of resource-saving technology for the production of toilet soap base with a periodic indirect method from neutral fats

In the course of the work, the technology of obtaining toilet soap with cosmetic properties was improved; samples of soap with the introduction of physiologically functional substances into the composition of the formulation components were experimentally obtained in order to preserve the initial physiologically active properties. The technological process of preparing the basic toilet soap periodically indirect method of neutral fats includes the following stages: caustic saponification of the fat set; grinding soap base; upholding of the soap base; draining the soap base; ennoblement of a soapy glue. Saponification of the main fat raw material is carried out in the soap boiler and can be produced both on the rest of the soap from the previous cooking, and using the pre-refined adhesive residue from the previous brews. Grinding of the soap base is carried out by hot water 80–90 ?, dry table salt or solution of caustic alkali, which are delivered in separate portions at boiling of the mass with a steaming steam, in an amount necessary for mass separation during grinding into the core (toilet base) and saponified adhesive. The sedimentation of the soap base is made after grinding is performed to separate the mass in the grinding process into the core (toilet base) and the sapwood glue. The temperature of the soap mass before settling must be at least 100 °C. The settling time is not less than 24 hours. The preparation of the core is carried out in a soap boiler. Prefabricated soap of toilet soap is heated to a boil with a hot steam. Then produce a high level of sapper adhesive with dry table salt, which is introduced in the amount necessary to separate the mass into a core and a flushing liquor. After each portion of the salt is injected, the soap mass is boiled for 15–20 minutes until completely dissolved and uniformly distributed in the mass. Salting is considered complete if the soap in the cauldron acquires a granular structure and in the sample on the spatula the kernels of the nucleus are clearly visible, between which the flaked lye flows.

Bangladesh’s Dynamic Toilet Soap Market: The Case of Keya

The case study focuses on one of the oldest local soap companies in Bangladesh, Keya Cosmetics Ltd. It portrays the toilet soap market and elaborates on the national and international soap companies operating in the country. Despite the global shift in purchase patterns towards liquid and gel soaps, many Bangladeshis (particularly of the lower socio-economic classes) still prefer the traditional bar soaps for all kinds of cleansing needs. The study specifically highlights the above the line (ATL) and below the line (BTL) strategies used by the brand Keya. The ATL strategies are then further broken down to a number of different channels being used such as television commercials (TVCs) and sponsorships followed by BTL strategies consisting of the usage of social media to reach its customers. Thereby, in order to maintain a balance between adjusting to the modern-day trends as well as preserving the Bangladeshi consumer base, Keya Cosmetics must scrutinize the current market and formulate the best possible market strategy for the upcoming years. The case study sheds light on the needs of the diverse market and brand issues as well as the future scopes of the toilet soap market.

ANALISA SENSITIVITAS RESPON KONSUMEN DARI EKSTENSIFIKASI MEREK (BRAND EXTENSION) PADA SABUN MANDI CAIR MEREK CITRA (Studi pada Mahasiswa Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto)

The success stems soap brand image in the market can lead consumers to buy shower gel Citra brand image. Shower gel Citra brand image is the result of the expansion of the brand (brand extension) conducted by PT. Unilever Indonesia from old products, namely soap rod Citra brand image. The results showed that consumers are sensitive to the presence of soap brand extension rod for shower gel and direction of consumer response showed positive results of toilet soap brand extension rod Citra brand image to shower gel Citra brand image with a sensitivity of 2.27. Changes in brand extension stimuli (brand extension) of soap rod brand image to shower gel brand image based on product attributes and Hierarcy stages of addressing the effect of positive values 321. A positive value shows that the stimuli are attached to the liquid bath soap brand image got a higher response from consumers in comparing stem bath soap brand image that has long existed before. Keywords: sensitivity, response, brand extension.